Health & Fitness

This article was previously published November 22, 2020, and has been updated with new information.

In this interview, Dr. William Seeds, an orthopedic surgeon, reviews how to optimize your metabolic function, improve cellular efficiency and make you more resilient against respiratory viruses using ketones — a topic previously discussed in my interview with Travis Christofferson, who wrote the book "Ketones: The Fourth Fuel."

"My science background has been cellular molecular biology and biochemistry, so that's something I've been deeply involved with for the last 35 years," Seeds says.

"It's parlayed into orthopedics, my specialty, because of tissue healing and optimizing cell efficiency and the flexibility of the cell to improve tissue healing in what we do surgically. So, it's always played an integral role in what we've tried to do to optimize patient outcomes."

How Ketone Esters Control Inflammation

Ketones are water-soluble fats that have powerfully beneficial metabolic benefits and also aid in tissue healing. Ketone esters are a convenient way to increase ketones and are helpful in cases of viral infections such as COVID-19, as they reestablish cellular homeostasis, provide rapid energy, recharge your antioxidants and control oxidation within the cell.

"We're looking to reestablish the homeostasis of the cell, which is basically the redox of the cell, and that is very important in controlling an inflammatory state like COVID-19.

The premises behind what these ketone esters do is they have the ability to give the cell an immediate energy source that doesn't utilize a lot of energy to use it. This helps a cell produce more ATP, more energy, that it may need to function where it is in a higher state of activity because of its stressors it's working against."

How Ketones Improve Antioxidant Levels

Ketones also increase nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH), a powerful metabolic co-factor that improves your body's ability to recharge antioxidants like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and hexokinase-1 to their functional state by donating an important reducing electron.

NADPH, in my view, is probably one of the most important biomolecules in your body, right up there with NAD+ and ATP. It is the primary way your body recycles its antioxidants. It essentially transfers electrons to them to help reduce excessive oxidative stress.

This is important because once those antioxidants are used, whether produced endogenously or taken exogenously in a supplement, they no longer work. They need to be recharged, which is what NADPH does. This explains why many studies that have attempted to show benefit from taking high dose antioxidants fail.

When antioxidants are taken as supplements they have the potential to indiscriminately suppress beneficial free radicals, but when you recharge antioxidants with NADPH, your body is able to selectively and wisely discriminate between the specific free radicals you want eliminated. There are beneficial free radicals, such as nitric oxide, that you don't want to eliminate. Seeds agrees, adding:

"The key is understanding that you're benefiting your endogenous antioxidant system versus exogenously taking supplements that are potentially reducing your equivalents. Your cells are inherently intelligent and understand how to utilize these ratios of NADP over NADPH and NAD over NADH.

It's giving the cell back the ability to become efficient and flexible. As you reduce glutathione peroxidase, it goes out there and takes care of superoxide or any other type of possible free radical.

Then that will take those electrons but then it has to be changed again, it has to be reduced again to be active and that is the critical part of understanding this — especially in states of high demand, like COVID-19, where you've got, for instance, the alveolar type 2 cells that are highly metabolically active that are producing superoxide dismutase in the lung area that needs to work against the free radical process produced by cytokine storm and so forth.

You have to have the ability to constantly provide that NADPH or you're in trouble. Whether it's a cytokine storm or an increased oxidative state, this is how we get into trouble and how this leads to metabolic diseases, immune diseases and so forth."

Ketones Suppress Proinflammatory Pathways

In addition to increasing NADPH, ketones also suppress inflammatory pathways present as a result of an infection. Infection initiates an inflammatory cascade of proinflammatory cytokines. One of the benefits of ketone augmentation, either endogenous or exogenous, is that it suppresses potent proinflammatory pathways like NRLP3.

As explained by Seeds, the NRLP3 process is all about activation of the inflammasome. NF kappa B is a transcription factor in the nucleus of the cell responsible for initiating the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and TNF alpha. The overproduction of these cytokines by your immune system is what results in a proinflammatory state.

In addition to boosting NADPH, ketones can also elevate NAD+, which in turn upregulates SIRT genes, SIRT3 in particular, that directly control inflammation. SIRT3 deacetylates inflammasome and decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

"These proinflammatory agents we're talking about, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6, are necessary for normal cell activity but higher levels are what need to be controlled. So, we're giving the cell the nutrition it needs to make intelligent decisions of how to utilize what it has to control the environment when the cells is getting out of is homeostatic pattern."

In addition to SIRT3, SIRT1 and SIRT2 are also important, and they tend to be activated by beneficial nutrients that we take in our diets, such as resveratrol. However, SIRT1 is useless unless NAD+ is high enough. And, as explained by Seeds, when you upregulate SIRT1, you also upregulate AMPK, which in turn improves mitochondrial biogenesis.

SIRT2, meanwhile, is activated by a polyphenol flavonoid called quercetin. I believe quercetin may be a superior alternative to hydroxychloroquine because not only does it act like a zinc ionophore to increase zinc levels inside the cell but it also activates SIRT2 and has beneficial effects on inflammasome.

The two graphics below are from the paper Seeds wrote, describing the effects of metabolic therapy on COVID-19.¹

Exogenous Ketone Esters for Respiratory Infections

There are strategies to boost your endogenous ketone levels — such as following a cyclical ketogenic diet and taking C8 (caprylic acid) MCT oil — which is what I prefer. This typically takes more time and commitment but is far less expensive, as ketone esters are typically about $1 per gram and a therapeutic dose can range from 5 to 25 grams.

Seeds typically uses exogenous ketones such as 1,3-butanediol beta-hydroxybutyrate, which is available in products like KetonAid. This strategy has high compliance and helps you achieve more rapid change in ketone levels and ketosis, and allows for greater precision but is costlier.

"All you need is 5 grams to elevate your endogenous production of almost 1 millimole (mmol/L) of ketosis," Seeds says. "If you [take], let's say 25 grams, you'll get that to 3 to 5 mmol/L … that will be around for about three to four hours. We believe that range, anywhere above 1 mmol/L is going to be effective initially, to see those changes [in] NADPH, NAD and the inflammasome action.

Now, in our treatment of people that are directly in a COVID-19 situation where we're trying to treat respiratory problems and want a higher millimole concentration, we're going to use the 25 mg [dose] to get that 3 to 5 mmol/L concentration.

What we're truly working on is relieving that bronchial constriction and working on changing the calcium balance of that excitation coupling that's happening with the muscle around the bronchials. That's why the ketone esters have been so effective for us because we get a very quick improvement in that bronchial dilatation.

That's been absolutely a wonderful tool for us as physicians to be able to utilize early on, when people are feeling that chest tightness and having some early respiratory changes. We've done it also on the back end of COVID-19, where people who have been treated are still having respiratory and fatigue issues."

Through his peptide society, the SSRP Society,² he's been able to work with hundreds of U.S. doctors, describing these protocols and how exogenous ketones can be used in early treatment of COVID-19, and as a prophylactic. In many cases, a patient's respiratory status can be improved within minutes.

The use of ketones is one of three interventions that I'm convinced can have nearly immediate benefit. The other two are molecular hydrogen and nebulized hydrogen peroxide. Each one of these can provide near-miraculous benefits in a very short amount of time.

Key Notes on MCT Oil and Carb Intake

We also discussed the use of C8 caprylic acid in greater depth in the interview, which is the most effective form of MCT oil, so for more details, please listen to the interview. We also discuss the use of ketone esters in professional athletics.

One fascinating fact brought up by Seeds is that they now have evidence showing that taking C8 MCT oil about 20 minutes before radiation exposure, such as an X-ray or flying in a commercial aircraft, can inhibit 100% of the radiation damage.

Another important aside is that when you take MCT oil or ketone esters, their efficacy will be significantly increased if you cut down on carbohydrates. There's a big difference in the blood ketone levels you can achieve taking either of them with a high-carb diet, a low-carb diet or when fasting. Fasting will raise your ketone blood levels the most.

Lowering Inflammation With Baking Soda and Alka-Seltzer Gold

Seeds also segues into a discussion about how good old-fashioned baking soda and Alka-Seltzer Gold can be used to squelch excessive inflammation at the molecular level, as bicarbonate immediately neutralizes peroxynitrites, which are among the most damaging free radicals there are. Seeds summarizes a typical regimen:

"I like the Alka-Seltzer Gold — it has to be that specifically, as it doesn't have the aspirin in it. I'll have people take it just to build up their bicarb level. Take two tabs in the morning, two tabs in the middle of the day and two tabs at night. I'll have them do that for about three days to a week, and then I have them go down to just doing two tabs a day.

If you're using baking soda by itself, I'll have people start with a half a teaspoon about every three hours. I'll have them do six doses a day for a few days, and then go to a full teaspoon, three times a day for a few weeks … That's been an easy prophylaxis, and we utilize bicarb in many other aspects too, in immune diseases and so forth."

While simple baking soda (sodium bicarb), as Seeds recommends, will work, I personally use and recommend using potassium bicarb. You can purchase it inexpensively in pound quantities at nuts.com.

The key to using it effectively is to pick up some litmus pH paper and regularly monitor your urine. Ideally, your pH should be about 7. Without the bicarb it will likely be 6 or even lower. I use about one-half teaspoon three to four times a day based on my urine pH.

This is a powerful strategy I would encourage nearly everyone to adopt as by keeping your urine pH around 7 with the bicarb you will avoid having to neutralize the acidity with either amino acids from your muscles or calcium and other minerals from your bones. This is a simple inexpensive habit that can go a long way to improving your health

Bicarbonate Improves Cellular Power Output

Bicarb also works well together with ketone esters, as the bicarbonate improves the power output of the cell. This can be particularly useful for athletes. Seeds explains:

"It takes it to a new level. Bicarbonate absolutely improves the power output of the cell, of the muscle, just based on improving the ability to work against the buildup of lactic acid over time. It's just improving [athletes'] ability to perform longer, and when you combine ketones and bicarbonate, you've all of a sudden changed the playing field.

You're still getting the signaling of that lactic acid process. You're not affecting what the lactic acid is important for in the brain, because that's what's going to improve the increase in insulin for you also. The key here is understanding that you're not changing signaling. All you're doing is controlling the pH of the cell …

The signaling is of utmost importance for improving insulin to improve the utilization of glucose. So, it's just a really amazing circle, and if you understand these pathways, you've got some tremendous tools that are WADA [World Anti-Doping Association] approved. There are no stipulations against any of this type of stuff.

When we're giving bicarb, that's going to challenge the ionic change of the hydrogen ions that are going to be produced. It's going to be able to challenge that instead of going into the muscle and taking glutamine, and then to the liver to produce ammonia to balance out the pH. And so, we're preserving muscle. We're preserving bone.

Let me take this a step further, if I can. Diets today are set up to destroy that acid base metabolism and over time — what I just described — is what's happening. You get a slow leak of loss of amino acid from the muscle.

We've studied it based on nitrogen produced in the urine, and the kidney has to make up for this acid buildup because of the protein buildup. It has to deal with it by taking amino acids from muscle or alkali from bone.

So, we've got this strategy of utilizing bicarb that changes that. It stops osteopenia. It stops sarcopenia, and on top of it, it's got these other aspects of improving cell metabolism."

More Information

To learn more about Seed's practice and how he's revolutionizing medicine with peptide therapy, see Seeds.md. He's also written a book on peptide protocols — which is a discussion we did not cover in this interview — and how they can improve metabolic function and cellular efficiency. "Peptide Protocols: Volume One" was released in August 2020, and can be found on Amazon.com.

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In this interview, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., an environmental activist and attorney turned ultimate freedom fighter, discusses his latest book, “The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health,” which is a must-read if you want to know more about the behind-the-scenes of this giant fraud. We could talk for hours and not cover but a fraction of what's in this book, which Kennedy calls a “devastating indictment of Tony Fauci.”

In a nutshell, Kennedy describes how Fauci turned the National Institutes of Health into an incubator for pharmaceutical products, and essentially sold the entire country to the drug industry. The book is an incredibly well-referenced record of his history of decimating human health, and exposes him as a self-serving charlatan.

I particularly enjoyed how Kennedy placed Fauci in the context of Rockefeller’s legacy with respect to Bill Gates, who developed an alliance with Fauci over 20 years ago. Rockefeller set us on a course of toxic, profit-driven medicines synthesized from the byproducts of the oil refinery process a century ago, and Gates picked up where he left off and then collaborated heavily with Fauci.

The Decade of Vaccines

Fauci, in turn, has had a hand in creating the vaccine gold rush. In 2000, he met with Bill Gates, who asked to partner with the NIH in an agreement to vaccinate the entire population of the world with a battery of new vaccines. In 2009, this agreement was rebranded as “The Decade of Vaccines,” the objective of which was to implement mandatory vaccinations for every adult and child on the planet by the year 2020.

“I show how they use the pandemic simulations, working very closely with the intelligence agencies, with the big media companies and the major pharmaceutical companies to make that happen,” Kennedy says.

“Gates calls what he does philanthropy capitalism, [the idea that] you can use philanthropy to make money. He had a foundation where he has sheltered $50 billion in tax-free money. And, he continues to have absolute control over it. He uses that money to gain control of public health agencies in our country and the World Health Organization.

He's created a lot of his own [organizations] with Dr. Fauci and a lot of these quasi-governmental agencies that people think are governmental. They're actually front groups of the pharmaceutical industry like GAVI and SEPI ...

He uses this battery and this control of the WHO to set pharmaceutical or medical policy, public health policy around the globe, in a way that maximizes the profits from his stakeholding in these big pharmaceutical companies.

I also show he's simultaneously doing the same thing to control the global food supply ... [He’s] really trying to change both public health and food policies in ways that benefit corporations that he's invested in and that he's partnered with.”

Fauci’s Lethal Handling of the AIDS Epidemic

Gates didn’t lure Fauci to the dark side, however. Fauci had already spent decades playing with people’s lives and sacrificing public health for profit. One of the darkest stains on Fauci’s career, aside from his role in the COVID pandemic, was his handling of the HIV epidemic.

The first cases of AIDS surfaced in 1981. Initially, the AIDS program was run by the National Cancer Institute, a separate institute inside the Health and Human Services Department (HHS). The general belief was that AIDS had a chemical etiology caused by drug use. This all changed when the HIV virus was discovered.

Fauci started working for the NIH in 1968 as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation at National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). He became director of the NIAID in 1984, the year after the discovery of the HIV virus, and was appointed director of the Office of AIDS Research in 1988, when that office was established. As explained by Kennedy, Fauci essentially built the NIAID around an AIDS drug called AZT.

“AZT was a chemotherapy formulation that was so toxic it killed all the rats when they gave it to them. The inventor of AZT felt that it was unsafe for any human use, so he didn't even patent it,” Kennedy says.

“Very early on, the National Cancer Institute had found that when you put AZT in a culture of HIV, that killed the HIV, not surprisingly. It killed anything it touched. And so, Fauci partnered with the manufacturer of AZT ... He guided that formulation through the regulatory process and tried to fast track it. He cheated terribly on the clinical trials.

In the clinical trials, it was killing everybody. It literally kills everybody who takes it. But he was able to keep the people in the treatment group alive by giving them huge numbers of blood transfusions. It does keep them alive for the eight weeks, and based upon that eight-week trial, he got approval for AZT. It was unprecedented.

As Kary Mullis, who won the Nobel Prize for discovering the polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) technique, said, with any chemotherapy drug, you're supposed to give it to somebody for two weeks. Chemotherapy is designed to kill every cell in the body, but hopefully it kills tumor cells first, and you can take the person off it. The tumor dies, if you time it right, and the person doesn't die.

If you put somebody on that for life, like Tony Fauci was doing, every one of them is going to die. And that's what happened. Meanwhile, there were a lot of drugs at that time that were being repurposed. Local, community-based doctors in San Francisco and New York who were treating the AIDS community were finding that these drugs treated the symptoms of AIDS, and they stopped people from dying.

Fauci made a deliberate crusade to sabotage those, to make sure they were not available to sick people, in order to make sure that AZT would be the only solution. And AZT was the most expensive drug in history. It was $10,000 for a one-year supply [while costing just $5 per dose to manufacture, plus U.S. taxpayers paid for all of the research and development of the drug] ...

Tony Fauci basically created this template that he then used over the next 45 years, to develop toxic drug after toxic drug. He killed early treatment, and killed any protocol that competed with his pharmaceutical enterprise. A lot of people have died [as a result].”

Although a bonanza of money was made with AZT, it pales in comparison to Pfizer making out like a bandit with its COVID shot. The U.S. taxpayers paid $20 billion to fund the research, and another $10 billion to market the COVID jab. Pfizer created the best-selling drug in the world and will make $35 billion from it this year.¹ Even better, unlike AZT, this is absolutely risk-free and they can never be sued for injuries.

Everything in Fauci’s Career Is Groundhog Day

An estimated 330,000 people have died from AZT alone. Overall, the similarities between the AZT scandal and what's happening today with the COVID jab and remdesivir are striking. Again, Fauci has discouraged the use of any prevention for COVID-19, and any treatment using inexpensive and relatively nontoxic drugs such as hydroxychloroquine or ivermectin.

U.S. taxpayers funded the research while drug companies have made an estimated $100 billion in profits from the shots in a single year, all while having zero liability for injuries and deaths even as people are being coerced into taking them.

“Everything in Tony Fauci's career is Groundhog Day,” Kennedy says. “Again, and again, and again, he is repeating the same behavior and it is paying off. And he has this way of talking where he never really says anything. And this habit of just lying, and lying, and lying ...

I knew a lot about what happened during the HIV crisis because my uncle, Ted Kennedy, was chair of a health committee at that time. Teddy was the first presidential candidate to court the gay vote, and I was running his campaign at that time ...

In the health committee, his primary concern for most of the time was AIDS. I talk about this in my book.

Finally, Fauci was called in front of Congress, and was just fileted. Henry Waxman and all of these well-known Democratic congressmen were saying, ‘What the hell are you doing? You've produced nothing. You're totally incompetent.’ After that, his career was over, and he decided at that point, ‘OK, I'm going to work on getting these repurposed drugs on the market.’

He did that for a couple of years, and he had a project, which was a dual track project where they could, without going through the clinical trials and FDA randomized, placebo controlled trials, they could get approval for these drugs, so that people could get insurance for them and pay for them. So, I was deeply involved in this for many, many years, and I've known Tony Fauci for a long time.

I have insights on who he really is, that most liberal Democrats are utterly ignorant of. He is the opposite of everything they believe. He is the architect who turned our public health system over to the pharmaceutical industry. He does not do public health. And there is no metric at NIH, where they look and say, ‘We are improving public health.’

The only metric they have is, ‘How many vaccines have we given? How many pharmaceutical drugs have we sold? How much kickback money are we getting into the agency?’ As I explain in the book, this agency has become an incubator for the pharmaceutical industry.”

Gain-of-Function Research Under Fauci’s Watch

Fauci is responsible for an annual budget of about $6.1 billion. He gets another $1.6 billion from the military to do bioweapons research, which is where 68% of his $437,000 a year salary comes from. (Fauci is the highest-paid federal employee in the U.S. Second-highest is the president, at $400,000 a year.)

“That's why he had to do that gain-of-function shenanigans in Wuhan,” Kennedy says. “He had to do it, because he had to hold on to his salary. And most of his salary comes from bioweapons research ...

Gain-of-function research has never provided a single scientific or medical development that has assisted us in responding to pandemics. Not one. But Fauci continues to do it, because it is critical to his salary. And it's critical to that funding stream.”

Now, the bulk of the NIAID’s funding was intended to be used to study American health and to improve it; to eliminate infectious allergic diseases and autoimmune diseases. Instead, under Fauci’s watch, the chronic disease epidemic has exploded.

This, despite the fact that between Fauci, Gates and the U.K. Wellcome Trust, they control 63% of the biomedical research on earth through their funding. Over his career, Fauci alone has distributed more than $930 billion in research grants through the NIAID. You could say they control all of it, really, because they also have the capacity to dry up funding to projects they don’t want done.

Ruthless Fauci

Case in point: Something happened in 1989, triggering a series of epidemics — autism, food allergies, Tourette's Syndrome, narcolepsy, ADD/ADHD, speech delay, language delay, rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases like juvenile diabetes. All of them sprang up right around 1989. Why? What’s causing them? It’s Fauci’s job to find out, but he refuses to, and he blocks anyone else from digging too deep.

“Tony Fauci's job is to say, why did that happen? It has to be an environmental toxin. Genes don't cause epidemics. They provide the vulnerability, but they cannot cause an epidemic. You need an environmental toxin. All we have to do is figure out which one started in '89, and became ubiquitous the same year. But if anybody tries to do that study, Fauci will ruin their career.”

Top suspects include vaccines, which dramatically increased in '89, and virtually all of the chronic diseases that have skyrocketed are listed as potential side effects on the manufacturers’ inserts. The herbicide glyphosate also became ubiquitous around that time, and really exploded in 1993 when RoundUp Ready corn was invented. GMOs, other pesticides, ultrasound and PFOAs are other potential culprits.

“Our kids are swimming around in a toxic soup. And it could be all of those things, or it could be one or another, but it's easy to find out. You just do the science. And that science is easy to do, but it will never be done as long as Tony Fauci's in office, because he doesn't want us to know — because those are the industries he has survived by protecting,” Kennedy says.

Fauci Works on Behalf of Big Pharma

Kennedy goes on to explain how Fauci works on behalf of Big Pharma, and why he’s become so important for the drug industry.

“Between 2009 and 2016, about 230 drugs were approved by the FDA, all of which came out of his shop. So, he is an incubator for Pharma.

And here's what he does: At his lab, he has petri dishes filled with every virus [imaginable], and he has scientists that are messing around with different molecules and different poisons, and they'll drop those poisons into a petri dish and see if it kills the culture. If it kills the culture, then he has a potential antiviral drug.

The next step is, they give it to rats, and see if it kills the rats. If most of the rats survive, now you have a potential antiviral that may work in humans. Then, he farms it out to a big university. Now the person it goes to at the university is usually a very powerful person. It's the dean of the medical school, or the chair of one of the departments, and they run the clinical trials, which is extremely lucrative.

So, they will do the Phase 1 trial, and they'll recruit maybe 100 people for the trial. Fauci gives that principal investigator maybe $20,000 per recruit. The university skims off 50% to 75% of that. So, now, that university is hooked into the system.

Then, if the drug works in Phase 1 and Phase 2, then they have to bring in big groups of people — 10,000 people — and you're talking about hundreds of millions of dollars. And they have to bring in a pharmaceutical company that now takes control of about half the patent.

Tony Fauci's agency keeps a share of the patent. For example, they now collect royalties on the Moderna [COVID] vaccine. [The NIAID] gets half the royalties, billions of dollars. The university researcher keeps some of the patent, so he is now permanently attached to Tony Fauci and will do anything he says, and the university itself is getting some of that patent.

So, it's hundreds of millions of dollars that are going to these universities every year, in addition to the grants that he's giving, and he can cut all that off if somebody at the university does the wrong study.

Once the drug goes through Phase 3, it goes to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fauci says, ‘Well those are independent scientists at FDA.’ The panel is called VRBPAC [Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee], and they're NOT people who work for the FDA. They're outside persons who are brought in.

Well, where are they brought in from? They're Tony Fauci's principal investigators from all the universities, who are working on his other projects, and they're brought in to rubber stamp the drug ...

They OK it and give it a license, because they know that, next year, their drug is going to be in front of that committee, and they are going to want the committee to rubber stamp them. So, that committee never says no. It always green lights everything, and it's completely controlled by Fauci. He controls the whole process ...

Every expert you see on CNN is on Tony Fauci's payroll, and CNN will never tell you that. It will say, ‘This is an independent virologist, he's an immunologist at Baylor University, or Stanford, or Harvard.’ They're not telling you where that guy's bread is being buttered, and that the person who's buttering it is Tony Fauci, with your taxpayer dollars. The whole system is just fixed.”

Fauci’s Past and Rotten Character Are Catching Up on Him

As more and more of Fauci’s lies and his funding of sadistic experiments on animals and aborted fetuses are coming to light, Kennedy predicts Fauci will be forced to resign, especially as the book comes out and people really start to understand what he’s been up to all these years.

“Nobody who was not a sadist in his soul would allow [the beagles being eaten by sandflies] experiment to happen,” Kennedy says. “Yet, Tony Fauci deemed that the best use for $450,000 of U.S. taxpayer money, with all of the screaming needs in public health.

But it's not just $450,000. Millions and millions [of dollars] he has put into these sadistic experiments where they’re torturing animals to death. Like you'd see in a schoolyard with little boys, who don't know any better and need to be told, ‘You don't do that to another creature.’ Fauci doesn't have that instinct, it's lacking.

It explains what he has done during COVID — denying early treatment to millions of Americans and forcing them to suffer and die in their homes, or on ventilators and remdesevir, which is a deadly toxic drug, rather than get treated and be healthy.

And punishing, silencing, censoring, delicensing, discrediting any doctor who tries to say, ‘Wait a minute, I've been treating patients, and my patients aren't dying, because I'm using hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin’ and an entire battery of repurposed drugs that we now know treat virtually all COVID cases.

Seventy to 90% of COVID deaths and hospitalizations could have been prevented, and there are hundreds of studies that support that. Yet, he forbids people from doing it. That is a sociopath ...

And shutting down a million businesses, is that really going to save lives? There's no study that indicated it would ... We have 4.2% of the global population, and we had 14.5% of the deaths. Why is anybody listening to this guy? There's no Health Minister in the world who has a worse track record than Tony Fauci.

There are many countries that had 1/100th of our death rate per million in population. And guess what? Those are mainly the African and Asian countries, that as a matter of course are giving ivermectin for river blindness and hydroxychloroquine for malaria control.”

In support of Kennedy’s assertion that Fauci will be forced to resign, you can view his recent grilling November 4, 2021, by Sen. Rand Paul in front of Congress. What is most impressive are the comments, which are virtually unanimously disparaging Fauci.

Fauci’s Lethal, Illegal Experiments on Children

In his book, Kennedy includes a chapter on some of the animal trials Fauci funded. He also tells a far grimmer story, where the guinea pigs were Black and Hispanic children. At least 85 of these children died, but the number could be as high as 1,000 or so. Fauci got these children by arranging for foster care programs in New York and six other states to assign children who had lost their parents to AIDS to participate in drug studies.

These children had no guardian, so they were illegal studies. To do a clinical trial on children, you need to have a guardian appointed who puts their interests first, ahead of the drug companies. Fauci didn't want that, so he allowed these studies to go forward without a legal guardian for any of these kids. No one was watching out for them. The trials weren’t even done by licensed medical professionals.

“They were mainly Dominican immigrants, who were deeply compassionate, who discovered in the middle that they were actually being hired to treat these children as guinea pigs, and they were killing huge numbers of them. Many of the kids didn't even have HIV, so they had no possible benefit from the drug, which is illegal.

Yet Fauci got away with all of it. I believe there was a Congressional investigation for a brief time, but like everything that gets near him, it kind of peters out. The BBC did a documentary on these kids back in 2004 called ‘Guinea Pig Kids.’

They interviewed these children, [one] who said, ‘I took the drugs. They made me feel sick. I was vomiting, I couldn't eat, I was tired all the time, it was painful, and I refused to take it.’

And when they refused, they were sent to another of Tony Fauci's principal investigators at Columbia Presbyterian who installed a feeding tube to force feed these children these toxic chemotherapy drugs that they refused to take ... As bad as Beagle gate is, what he did to these Black and Hispanic children is even worse.”

COVID-19 — The Culmination of Fauci’s Criminal Enterprise

As for the COVID-19 pandemic, Kennedy equates it to the culmination of Fauci’s career. In the book, he recounts how Fauci has been a key figure in pandemic planning — not necessarily how to prevent one, but how to create it, as infectious disease mortality had dropped so dramatically that infectious diseases were becoming an increasingly low priority.

So far, every single pandemic that has been dramatized has turned out to be a complete fraud, and the same can be said for COVID. All the while, billions of dollars were spent on vaccines.

“They've taken all of these lessons they learned from all the other fake pandemics and rolled it into coronavirus,” Kennedy says. “Now, I want to make clear, I'm not saying that coronavirus is not a pandemic, or that it doesn't kill a lot of people. It does. But we've all been manipulated by an exaggeration of cases, the exaggeration of deaths, the obscuring of data, all of the manipulations that they've done to us.

[In the book] I have a picture that somebody got from a Freedom of Information Act request. It’s a March Madness graph of all of the different pandemics — fake pandemics — [Fauci] has tried during his career, all converging with the grand winner being coronavirus. And [Fauci] signed it, somebody on his staff made it.

But it was Tony Fauci's triumph, winning March Madness. It's basically a picture of his career. Him trying every three or four years a new fake pandemic, and finally hitting on all eight cylinders with coronavirus. It's like it's a joke, and we are the punchline ...

Here's what I would say to people. We have to stop this. This is the hill that we all have to die on. If you are a parent, and you let them give this [COVID shot] to your child, you are not doing your job as a parent. If you are a doctor, you are committing malpractice to give this to a child. We all need to resist.

I would say that every American who sees what's happening has to start engaging in civil disobedience every day. And that may mean going to a store and telling them, if they demand a vaccine passport, that you are not going to patronize that store anymore. It may mean resisting on the job. Do not quit! Make them fire you. Because then you have a lawsuit.

Right now, the best thing is to make them fire you for not taking an emergency use authorization vaccine, because there are no approved vaccines in this country available to any American. It was a myth, it was a hoax, it was a chicanery for them to say, ‘We approved this Comirnaty vaccine.’ If you go on Pfizer's website, it will tell you, ‘We do not make Comirnaty available in the United States.’

Why are they trying to go after our kids? Here's why. The vaccines can only get liability protection once they are approved. The only way they get liability protection is if they're on the child's vaccination schedule. And then, once the CDC votes them onto the child vaccination schedule, then they get liability protection, even for adults.

One lawsuit can bankrupt the company if they didn't have liability protection. So that's why they're going after our kids. They need it to get that liability protection. And we need to stop them from the collateral damage they're going to cause to an entire generation of children; 26 million children will get a vaccine that's been tested on 1,300 kids, with catastrophic results.”

To learn more, be sure to pick up a copy of “The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health.” You don’t want to miss this fascinating and carefully researched book.

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Francis Boyle is a repeat guest; I’ve interviewed him twice in 2020 about the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 having been engineered in a lab. Boyle’s background includes an undergraduate degree from the University of Chicago, a juris doctor (lawyer) degree from Harvard and a Ph.D. in political science. He’s a professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, and wrote the book, “Biowarfare and Terrorism.”¹

In 2020 when we initially dialoged, any mention of SARS-CoV-2 being a manmade bioweapon was highly censored and had we uploaded that video to YouTube, we would have been banned early last year rather than a few months ago. Today, the lab leak theory has been acknowledged as likely even by bought-and-paid-for mainstream media.

We also have loads of documentation showing Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), funded unlawful gain-of-function research on coronaviruses when there was a federal moratorium on that kind of research. The National Institutes of Health and EcoHealth Alliance also appear to have colluded to avoid triggering a secondary review of these gain-of-function experiments.^2,3,4,5

Unlawful Acts Have Occurred

In this interview, we explore some of the strategies Boyle has come up with as to how we can prosecute these individuals for what they've been doing, because they're in direct violation of legislation and treaties he wrote more than 30 years ago.

For decades, Boyle has advocated against the development and use of bioweapons, which he suspects COVID-19 is. He called for biowarfare legislation as early as 1985, for the Biological Weapons Convention, and drafted the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act⁶ that ended up being passed unanimously by both houses of Congress and signed into law by George Bush Sr. in 1989. According to the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989:⁷

“Whoever knowingly develops, produces, stockpiles, transfers, acquires, retains, or possesses any biological agent, toxin, or delivery system for use as a weapon, or knowingly assists a foreign state or any organization to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for life or any term of years, or both. There is extraterritorial Federal jurisdiction over an offense under this section committed by or against a national of the United States.”

Accountability When Federal Authorities Have Been Captured

The problem we face today is we’ve come to realize that even our federal government has been captured by forces that seek to destroy the U.S. from within. As such, there’s no way our federal authorities — including federal judges — will ever seek to enforce the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act.

How do we navigate this serious dilemma? Boyle believes there’s a way, and it involves focusing on locally elected prosecutors. Depending on the state, they may go by titles such as district attorney, state attorney, prosecuting attorney or county attorney.⁸

Boyle explains the plan:

“I've been appearing before federal judges since 1982 on matters of courage, integrity and principles. I can only think of one federal judge that gave us a fair trial. So, we can't rely upon federal judges to pull our chestnuts out of the fire. That then gets me to the 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people ... My proposal is this: The American people, at a state, local community basis, have to go to our local prosecutors, that is states’ attorneys, district attorneys, county attorneys, any local prosecutor. And the last I read there were well over 400 of these in the country.

These local prosecutors are not part of the federal system. They have been empowered by the 10th Amendment to the United States Constitution. They are democratically elected by the people of their community.

Federal judges are not elected by anyone. They're appointed by the President and once they're on their bench with life tenure, they can only be removed by impeachment, which is almost impossible, and their salaries cannot be reduced. They're like God Almighty up there sitting on these federal benches.

Not so with state and local prosecutors. They're accountable to the people of the community ... I think that if we can even get one out of 400 local prosecutors to convene a grand jury and return indictments for murder and conspiracy to commit murder, this whole house of cards will collapse ... So, what I am recommending is two steps: One on the frankenshots and another on the COVID pandemic.”

Holding Criminals Accountable for the COVID Pandemic

Starting with the COVID pandemic, Boyle recommends getting organized on the local level, and going around to all your local prosecutors, demanding they convene a grand jury to seek the indictment of those responsible for COVID-19 for murder and conspiracy to commit murder. But how do we begin to identify the culprits? Boyle says:

“The [2015] article, “SARS-Like Cluster of Circulating Bat Coronavirus Pose Threat for Human Emergence,”⁹ is the smoking gun on who is behind COVID-19. Who's on that contract?

[Vineet] Menachery [Ph.D.] from the University of North Carolina and other people there, including [Ralph] Baric [Ph.D.]. Twelve people are listed by name on this contract at the UNC BSL 3. We also know that [zoologist Peter] Daszak was working with Baric on this entire project. A person from the Food and Drug Administration was also involved in the research, development and testing of COVID-19.

These are the exact same people, the FDA, who are authorizing all of these frankenshots, including last week for kids from 5 to 11. So, they developed this biological warfare weapon and now they're approving all the frankenshots. This is a one-two punch against the American people ...

There is Harvard Medical School involved in the research, development and testing of COVID-19 and offensive biological warfare weapons. We also know that Harvard was a sponsoring the BSL 4 [biosafety level 4 lab] in Wuhan, China. That Wuhan BSL 4 is China's Fort Detrick. There's no doubt about it in my mind.

And who is the current director of the CDC? [Dr. Rochelle] Walensky. She is from Harvard Medical School. You can't believe anything the CDC or Walensky is telling you. They're bald-faced liars and they always have been.

Indeed, the CDC has been involved in research, development and testing of offensive biological warfare weapons, I've been able to determine from official government documents, from the early 1980s. And they then — the CDC and Walensky — have ratified the FDA’s approval of the frankenshots ... They're all working in cahoots with each other.

Also, if you read the footnotes of that article, they are working with Fort Detrick. So, they're all in cahoots. You have Chinese Fort Detrick, you have our Fort Detrick, you have the UNC BSL 3, the Wuhan BSL 4, Harvard Medical School — all working together to research, develop and test [this bioweapon].

Who has funded all this? The contract makes it quite clear. It was funded by the National Institutes of Health, then directed by Dr. Francis Collins. He knew full well what was going on here. He was over there cooperating with China and the Wuhan BSL 4. Also, the NIAID’s Anthony Fauci. He's on here too.”

Most Biological Warfare Research Has Taken Place Under Fauci

According to Boyle, it was the Reagan administration’s abuse of genetic engineering for biological warfare weapons purposes that initially compelled the Council for Responsible Genetics and Boyle to draft the Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989.

Around that same time, Reagan, under the influence of neoconservatives who believe in biological warfare and ethnic-specific biological warfare, put Fauci in charge of the U.S. bioweapons program. “About 95% of all this Nazi type biological warfare research has been done under the auspices of Tony Fauci,” Boyle says.

Legal Definitions of ‘Murder’ and ‘Conspiracy to Murder’

Boyle has taught both criminal law and international human rights law. He also still practices criminal law, both prosecution and defense. According to Boyle, Anglo-American Common Law has a definition for “murder” that is applicable in all states of the U.S. with the exception of Louisiana, and that is “the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.”

“Let's parse that down,” he says. “The word ‘unlawful’ — all these individuals I just mentioned from this contracted study ... were involved in research, development, testing and stockpiling of biological warfare weapons in clear-cut violation of my Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989.

[The term] ‘killing of human beings’ — I think the number of Americans who have been killed, murdered by COVID-19, is well over a million ... And then, ‘with malice aforethought’ — ‘malice aforethought’ is a legal term of art.

It would take me three, four, five different class sessions to go through it all, but one element of malice of forethought is reckless endangerment of human beings and, clearly, they knew. If you read the contracts and the studies, they knew ... that this gain-of-function work was existentially dangerous and they did it anyway.

Clearly that constitutes ‘reckless endangerment of human beings,’ ‘malice aforethought.’ So, you have all the elements there for murder, and then ‘conspiracy to commit murder.’ In common law, ‘conspiracy’ is two [or more] people getting together to agree to do an unlawful act — such as the violation of my statute — or a lawful act by illegal means.

So, I think we have all these people at least for murder and conspiracy to commit murder, and my advice is that if you have lost a loved one or a friend living in the territorial jurisdiction of any of these local prosecutors, they would have jurisdiction to convene a grand jury and seek indictments for murder and conspiracy to commit murder against all of these people.”

So, in summary, Boyle suggests starting the indictment list with the 15 co-authors of the 2015 paper, “SARS-Like Cluster of Circulating Bat Coronavirus Pose Threat for Human Emergence,”¹⁰ and those who funded it, which include Collins, Fauci and Daszak (president of EcoHealth Alliance).

And, again, the reason we need to turn to locally elected prosecutors is because state attorneys general file lawsuits with the federal courts, which we know have been captured and won’t prosecute crimes against humanity. Local prosecutors, on the other hand, can convene grand juries in their local jurisdiction, even in their own county. So, this strategy bypasses the captured federal judiciary.

“We cannot rely on the federal courts, including the United States Supreme Court,” Boyle says. “Just look at these exposés in The Wall Street Journal, where we found out well over 130 federal judges were unethically ruling on cases where they had investments involved. I don't trust the federal judiciary at all to do the right thing here.”

How to Prosecute the COVID Shots

Next, we need to figure out how to prosecute those responsible for the gene-based COVID shots. The same legal definitions apply to them. They too are committing “unlawful killing of human beings with malice aforethought.”

“Here we have a blatant, obvious violation of the Nuremberg Code on Medical Experimentation, which is a Nuremberg crime that the United States government prosecuted Nazi doctors for, and executed some for,” Boyle says.

“Indeed, you can read all of this in the Nuremberg medical doctor's judgment ... The list of executed doctors is right there at the end. What we're seeing now with these frankenshots for children, this is Dr. Mengele at Auschwitz all over again. That's where this Nuremberg Code on Medical Experimentation came from.

Second, ‘unlawful killing of human beings’ is in the Nuremberg Charter Judgment and Principles — the Charter, 1945, the Judgment, 1946, and the Principles of 1950 — defining a crime against humanity.

In the Nuremberg Charter judgment and principles, ‘a crime against humanity’ is defined in part as ‘murder, extermination or other inhumane acts committed against a civilian population.’ That's what's going on right now against the American population.

And I should point out that provision, ‘crime against humanity,’ was put in there to deal precisely and exactly with the Nazi persecution of German Jewish citizens. That's exactly what the Biden administration today is doing to all American citizens — a crime against humanity as defined by the Nuremberg Charter, Judgment, and Principles ...

You can also read this in the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court. The United States government is not a party to the Rome Statute, but it reflects customary international criminal law today ...

Another element of ‘malice aforethought’ is ‘an intention to inflict death or grievous bodily harm.’ [If they say] ‘Well, we didn't intend to kill anyone with our frankenshot,’ then [we’d say] ‘OK, but you did intend to inflict grievous bodily harm on human beings’ and it did kill human beings, large numbers of them.

They clearly intended and knew that this would inflict grievous bodily harm on human beings. Just look at what they've already conceded and reported what the adverse effects would be. The list is astounding. So, they knew this and they did it anyway.

So, my position here would be that, if you believe you have lost a loved one or a friend as a result of the frankenshots, go into your local prosecutor and ask them to pursue, before a grand jury, indictments for murder and conspiracy to commit murder against the chief executive officers, chief operating officers and chief scientific officers of Pfizer, BioNTech, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson.”

Resources

To aid you in these efforts, Boyle has created a paper that summarizes the strategy. He also recommends reading Australian journalist Sharri Markson’s book, “What Really Happened in Wuhan?” “I think she's got it all there,” Boyle says. “She didn't deal with the frankenshots, but she has, I think, a valid summary of all the evidence that has been compiled so far, involving all these individuals.”

Another excellent book is Robert Kennedy Jr.’s book, “The Real Anthony Fauci.” It’s beyond outstanding and a real indictment of Fauci. It’s hard to imagine he’ll survive that exposure. “He should be indicted for murder and conspiracy to commit murder,” Boyle says.

There’s also a September 2020 House Minority Intelligence Committee report that reviews the evidence available at the time on the origins of COVID-19 (“The Origins of the COVID-19 Global Pandemic, Including the Roles of the Chinese Communist Party and the World Health Organization”¹¹).

All of these references can be taken to your local prosecutor to seek indictments for murder and conspiracy to commit murder. Boyle may also make himself available as a consultant or expert witness in cases where a grand jury is successfully convened.

Summary of Action Steps

To reiterate the central thesis, Boyle suggests organizing locally to find people willing, as a group, to call on your local, elected district attorney to convene a grand jury and indict the individuals suspected of being involved in the creation of SARS-CoV-2, and those responsible for the COVID shots.

To identify your local district attorney, you can do an online search or simply look up the name up on your most recent ballot.

“That's the beauty of this. You elected these people and they are accountable to you,” Boyle says. “You pay their salaries and you can dis-elect them if they don't do what you want them to do.

So, you need a core of people in your community to go in, personally, for a talk face to face. You set up a meeting, you go in, you talk to this person, you can bring in the books, you can bring in my lecture, you can bring in this video and say, ‘We want you to convene a grand jury and present this evidence.’

Of course, it will be for the grand jury to decide whether or not to return an indictment for murder and conspiracy to commit murder against anyone. If the grand jury doesn't return an indictment, well they don't.

But an old saying goes that a prosecutor can get a grand jury to indict a ham sandwich if the prosecutor wants to. I think the prosecutor at that point will say, ‘OK, I'll look into this.’ They've got staff; they can get together the evidence and convene the grand jury.”

Remember, you need to connect with the prosecutors personally. An email campaign won’t get you anywhere in this scenario. Hopefully you can also identify individuals in your local community who are eloquent, articulate and knowledgeable about the facts.

27 States Suing the Biden Administration as of November 12, 2021

As I mention in the interview, this method is likely to be far more effective if you live in a jurisdiction in which the state attorney general has already filed lawsuits in the federal court system.

So, look at the list below. If you happen to live in one of these areas, the odds of your efforts being successful are very high, as they have already filed suit in federal court. All you need to do is convince them to convene a grand jury locally, and indict these criminals for murder.

These are the names and addresses of the 27 state attorneys general who are suing the Biden administration over the COVID-19 vaccine mandates as of November 12, 2021. Each state is hyperlinked, as some have additional information about COVID and their lawsuits on their sites.

For example, Arizona’s attorney general has written an extensive legal opinion on why the federal government does not have jurisdiction for a vaccine mandate in Arizona. The lawsuits have been filed in the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 11th Circuit Courts of Appeal.

Alabama	Steve Marshall	Attorney General's Office State of Alabama 501 Washington Avenue Montgomery, AL 36104
Alaska	Treg R. Taylor	Alaska Department of Law 1031 West 4th Avenue, Suite 200 Anchorage, AK 99501-1994
Arizona	Mark Brnovich	2005 N Central Ave Phoenix, AZ 85004-2926
Arkansas	Leslie Rutledge	Office of Attorney General 323 Center Street, Suite 200 Little Rock, AR 72201
Florida	Ashley Moody	Office of the Attorney General State of Florida PL-01 The Capitol Tallahassee, FL 32399-1050
Georgia	Christopher M. Carr	40 Capitol Square, SW Atlanta, GA 30334
Idaho	Lawrence G. Wasden	700 W. Jefferson Street P.O. Box 83720 Boise, ID 83720-0010
Indiana	Todd Rokita	Office of the Indiana Attorney General Indiana Government Center South 302 W. Washington St., 5th Floor Indianapolis, IN 46204
Iowa	Tom Miller	Office of the Attorney General of Iowa Hoover State Office Building 1305 E. Walnut Street Des Moines IA 50319
Kansas	Derek Schmidt	120 SW 10th Ave., 2nd Floor Topeka, KS 66612
Kentucky	Daniel Cameron	Office of the Attorney General 700 Capital Avenue, Suite 118 Frankfort, Kentucky 40601-3449
Louisiana	Jeff Landry	Louisiana Department o Justice — Attorney General 300 Capital Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70802
Mississippi	Lynn Fitch	P.O. Box 220 Jackson, MS 39205
Missouri	Eric Schmitt	Missouri Attorney General's Office Supreme Court Building 207 W. High St. P.O. Box 899 Jefferson City, MO 65102
Montana	Austin Knudsen	Attorney General 215 N Sanders St, Helena, MT 59601
Nebraska	Doug Peterson	Nebraska Attorney General's Office 2115 State Capitol PO Box 98920 Lincoln, NE 68509
New Hampshire	John M. Formella	New Hampshire Department of Justice 33 Capitol St Concord, NH 03301
North Dakota	Wayne Stenehjem	Office of Attorney General 600 East Boulevard Avenue, Department 125 Bismarck, ND 58505-0040
Ohio	Dale Yost	30 E. Broad St., 14th Floor Columbus, OH 43215
Oklahoma	John O’Connor	313 NE 21st Street Oklahoma City, OK 73105
South Carolina	Alan Wilson	The Honorable Alan Wilson P.O. Box 11549 Columbia, S.C. 29211
South Dakota	Jason R. Ravnsborg	Office of the Attorney General 1302 E Hwy 14 Suite 1 Pierre SD 57501-8501
Tennessee	Herbert Slatery III	Office of the Attorney General and Reporter P.O. Box 20207 Nashville, TN 37202-0207
Texas	Ken Paxton	Office of the Attorney General PO Box 12548 Austin, TX 78711-2548
Utah	Sean D. Reyes	Office of the Attorney General Utah State Capitol Complex 350 North State Street Suite 230 Salt Lake City, UT 84114-2320
West Virginia	Patrick Morrisey	State Capitol Complex, Bldg. 1, Room E-26 Charleston, WV 25305
Wyoming	Bridget Hill	109 State Capitol Cheyenne, WY 82002

Urgent Action Required

In closing, Boyle says:

“We have to act immediately — as soon as possible — to stop this Nazi insanity that is being imposed on the American people by the Biden administration. They know what they're doing. Biden's chief of staff, Ron Klain, was behind me at Harvard Law School and he was president Obama's Ebola czar. Obama too was behind me at Harvard Law School.

Klain personally handled the cover-up of the fact that the Black West African Ebola pandemic started by the testing of experimental Ebola vaccines — in violation of the Nuremberg Code of Medical Experimentation — that came out of the United States government's own BSL 4.

Klain covered all that up for Obama and he is now Biden's chief of staff, so that is a very dangerous situation. This guy knows exactly what he is doing. He has done it before.”

Following this interview, Boyle gave several others, in which he pointed out that the “Frankenshot” mandates are a Nuremberg crime against humanity. He told me:

“Now, with the booster campaign, I can only conclude that we are seeing Frankenshot genocide against the American people.” The Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin is known for having coined the term “genocide,” which refers not only to the physical killing of a people but also includes the slow, intentional destruction of a nation or ethnic group. As explained by Lemkin:

“Generally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation.

It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves.

The objectives of such a plan would be the disintegration of the political and social institutions, of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups, and the destruction of the personal security, liberty, health, dignity, and even the lives of the individuals belonging to such groups.

Genocide is directed against the national group as an entity, and the actions involved are directed against individuals, not in their individual capacity, but as members of the national group.”

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