Health & Fitness

Richard Gremmo is encouraging all Aussies to take part in Jersey Day on September 3, to prompt conversations about organ and tissue donation.

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Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia that is characterized by an accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. New research¹ presented at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2021 has found an association between improving air quality and reducing the risk of dementia.

Alzheimer's disease affects an estimated 5 million Americans, a number that is expected to reach 14 million by 2060.² It continues to be a leading cause of death, with 1 in 3 seniors dying with a form of dementia — more than the number killed by breast and prostate cancers combined.³

With no known cure, researchers have been scrambling to find treatments, often with a misguided focus on the symptoms of the disease — excess beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. Over 300 drug trials have failed⁴ thus far leading one researcher to comment, "Numerically, you have to say they [the odds] are not good."

Past studies have found links between air pollution and the development and accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques, but this research team believes this is the first accumulated evidence to show that by reducing air pollution, society can lower the risk of Alzheimer's and all-cause dementia.⁵

Reducing Air Pollution Lowers Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease

The researchers followed two groups of adults in Europe and the U.S. who were at-risk of dementia.⁶ The 10-year study was recently presented at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2021.⁷

Researchers undertook the study following past data that linked air quality and cognitive impairment. With rising levels of air pollution and increasing cases of dementia they sought to explore how air pollutants may affect the development of dementia. More importantly, they hoped to identify what a reduction in air pollution may mean for brain health.

Claire Sexton, Alzheimer’s Association director of scientific programs and outreach, was excited by the results of the study, commenting in a press release:⁸

“We’ve known for some time that air pollution is bad for our brains and overall health, including a connection to amyloid buildup in the brain. But what’s exciting is we’re now seeing data showing that improving air quality may actually reduce the risk of dementia. These data demonstrate the importance of policies and action by federal and local governments, and businesses, that address reducing air pollutants.”

The researchers engaged a group of older women in the NIH-funded Women's Health Initiative Memory Study Epidemiology of Cognitive Health Outcomes cohort.⁹ The women did not have dementia at the start of the study and were followed from 2008 to 2018.

Each year the researchers performed a detailed cognitive function test on the individuals and mathematical models were used to estimate air pollution at the homes. The women who lived in areas where the air pollution improved at greater than 10% of the EPA's standard experienced benefits that were similar to the lower risk level associated with women who were two to three years younger.

This included a slower decline in overall memory and cognitive function, which the researchers tested using working memory, episodic memory and attention executive function tests.

Evidence from the study showed reducing fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) and traffic pollution was associated with a slower cognitive decline in older U.S. women. Fine particulate matter reduction was associated with a 14% reduction in dementia risk and reducing traffic related pollutants was associated with a 26% reduction in dementia risk.

The evidence from France showed reducing PM2.5 over 10 years reduced the risk of all-cause dementia by 15% and Alzheimer's Disease by 17%. Additionally, the study data demonstrated that long-term exposure increased the risk of beta-amyloid levels in the blood, which pointed to a possible biological connection between the physical changes that define Alzheimer's disease and air quality.

The benefits to the women in Europe and the U.S. appeared to be global without regard to confounding factors such as their level of education, geographic region, history of cardiovascular disease or age. The lead author, Xinhui Wang, Ph.D., commented in the press release:¹⁰

“Our findings are important because they strengthen the evidence that high levels of outdoor air pollution in later life harm our brains, and also provide new evidence that by improving air quality we may be able to significantly reduce risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The possible benefits found in our studies extended across a variety of cognitive abilities, suggesting a positive impact on multiple underlying brain regions.”

Surprising Sources of Air Pollution

Air pollution is an insidious problem that does not recognize borders and travels thousands of miles. A collaboration of more than 40 researchers analyzing data from 130 countries called air pollution the "largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today."¹¹

Fine particulate matter measures 2.5 microns or less in width. For comparison, there are 25,000 microns in 1 inch and PM2.5 particles are about 30 times smaller than a human hair.¹² Fine particulate matter is emitted from the exhaust of gasoline-powered engines and other operations that burn wood, oil or coal for fuel.

Fine particulates can also form in the atmosphere from pollution emitted from power plants as it reacts with gases and droplets. Because of the nature of air pollution, these chemical reactions can happen miles from the origin of the pollution. Within the U.K., the greatest emissions as reported by the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs¹³ are from road vehicles and industrial emissions.

Particles of this size are small enough to pass through lung tissue and enter your bloodstream, which can trigger chronic inflammation and chronic disease. Although California has one of the strictest car emission standards in the U.S., the state continues to be plagued by nitrogen oxides pollution. Researchers have found nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere from synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizers.¹⁴

The vast agricultural lands in California may be responsible for as much as 51% of nitrogen oxides off-gassed across the state.¹⁵ “Nitrogen oxides” is a catch-all term used to designate nitrogen nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, both of which react with oxygen and sunlight to produce ozone in lower atmospheric levels.

This can trigger respiratory conditions in children and the elderly, including asthma and emphysema. In California, children living in the Central Valley have the highest rate of asthma in the state and the San Joaquin Valley within the Central Valley has the highest rate of asthma in the U.S.¹⁶

As I discuss in “Surprising Sources of Air Pollution,” nitrogen-based fertilizers also damage the soil below the surface by affecting the soil microbiome, which plays a significant role in nutrient uptake and signals plant development.¹⁷

Synthetic fertilizer adversely affects the soil microbiology and reduces diversity, affecting plant growth. However, by switching to regenerative agricultural practices, farmers can help restore the soil microbiome, raise the nutritive value of the foods they produce and reduce nitrogen oxides pollution.

More Risks Linked to Contaminated Air

Nearly 95% of the world live in areas where the pollution is higher than what the World Health Organization deems safe.¹⁸ Once PM2.5 is in the body, it can deposit in any of the organ systems. It also has been linked to inflammation that leads to chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease,¹⁹ obesity,²⁰ chronic obstructive pulmonary disease²¹ and cancer.²²

One study that evaluated the ambient air pollution in Europe discovered the problem was far worse than previously measured.²³ One 2015 study²⁴ discovered a link between black carbon, which is a marker of traffic-related air pollution, and sleep in participants of the Boston area Community Health survey.

Long-term exposure may be associated with shorter sleep duration. In children, PM10 was associated with sleep disturbances,²⁵ as was secondhand smoke. Children with asthma who were regularly exposed to tobacco smoke at home were more likely to suffer from sleep problems,²⁶ including longer delays and falling asleep, daytime sleepiness, sleep-disordered breathing and overall sleep disturbance.

Sleep disturbances are a well-known trigger for obesity²⁷ and may contribute to diabetes.²⁸ Additionally, sleep deprivation also has been linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. One study²⁹ found a higher risk of dementia was associated with sleep duration of six hours or less in individuals who are 50 and 60 years old.

One small study³⁰ published by the NIH found that losing just one night of sleep increased the amount of beta-amyloid production. Conversely, studies³¹ have also suggested that getting enough deep sleep will help protect against the risk of Alzheimer's disease.

Researchers collected data³² from 20,000 people living in China and believe the findings are relevant to the entire world. They found language and math skills were affected when individuals were exposed to toxic air pollution. The average impact on those tested was equivalent to losing one year of education.

In this study, the longer people were exposed, the greater the damage they experienced. One of the major components to air pollution is carbon dioxide. According to the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions,³³ carbon dioxide makes up 76% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

Plants and trees use this for photosynthesis, which you may think may be good for plant life. But like most things, plants need a balance. As the level of CO2 rises, plants produce more pollen,³⁴ which in turn raises your exposure and produces more severe seasonal allergies. However, the pollen has a lower protein level, which does not offer long-term nutrition for honeybees.³⁵

Lifestyle Choices Associated With Raised Risk of Alzheimer’s

In addition to the raised risk for Alzheimer's disease when you're exposed to air pollution or a lack of sleep, there are other lifestyle factors that have been linked to the development of the disease.

In an interview with me that you can watch at “Lifestyle Factors Linked to Alzheimer’s,” Dr. Dale Bredesen, director of neurodegenerative disease research at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, proposes there is a genetic code that predisposes a person for Alzheimer's disease.

He notes there an estimated 75 million Americans have the single allele for the ApoE4 gene, which increases the risk of developing the disease by 30% over their lifetime. The predisposition does not guarantee the disease will develop but, rather, that environmental stressors may have a greater impact on an individual.

One of those environmental stressors is insulin resistance and diabetes. Overindulgence in grains and sugar can overwhelm the brain with consistently high levels of insulin. Eventually insulin and leptin signaling become profoundly disrupted, which leads to impairments in cognitive abilities and memory.

One study³⁶ published in Diabetes Care found Type 2 diabetes is associated with a 60% increased risk of dementia. Another study³⁷ featured in The New England Journal of Medicine noted even a mild elevation of blood sugar, such as 105 or 110, is associated with an elevated risk for dementia.

A third study³⁸ revealed a high-carbohydrate diet increases your risk of Alzheimer’s, whereas eating a high-fat diet lowers it. A study published in 2018³⁹ also linked too much sitting with memory problems in middle age and older adults. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated brain thinning in the medial temporal lobe in participants who sat for extended periods of time.

I don't believe that a failing memory and eventual dementia are par for the course for aging. Nor do I believe that Alzheimer’s is inevitable. There are many contributing factors, but there are also preventive strategies that can be used that reduce your overall risk and prevent cognitive impairment. You'll find many suggestions in “Research Highlights Importance of Good Sleep For Prevention of Alzheimer’s.”

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The 20-minute video above, “Mass Psychosis — How an Entire Population Becomes Mentally Ill,” created by After Skool and Academy of Ideas,¹ is a fascinating illustration of how mass psychosis can be induced.

Mass psychosis is defined as “an epidemic of madness” that occurs when a “large portion of society loses touch with reality and descends into delusions.”

One classic historical example of mass psychosis is the witch hunts that occurred in the Americas and Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, when tens of thousands of people, mostly women, were tortured, drowned and burned alive at the stake. The rise of totalitarianism in the 20th century is a more recent example of mass psychosis.

Man’s Worst Enemy

As noted in the video:

“The masses have never thirsted after truth. They turn aside from evidence that is not to their taste, preferring to deify error, if error seduce them. Whoever can supply them with illusions is easily their master; whoever attempts to destroy their illusions is always their victim.”

That’s a quote attributed to Gustave Le Bon, a French social psychologist renowned for his study of crowds. His book, “The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind,”² takes a deep dive into the characteristics of human crowds and how, when gathered in groups, people tend to relinquish conscious deliberation in favor of unconscious crowd action. Similarly, psychologist Carl Jung once stated that:

“It is not famine, not earthquakes, not microbes, not cancer, but man himself who is man’s greatest danger to man, for the simple reason that there is no adequate protection against psychic epidemics, which are infinitely more devastating than the worst of natural catastrophes.”

When a society descends into madness, the results are always devastating. Jung, who studied mass psychoses, wrote that the individuals who make up the affected society “become morally and spiritually inferior.” They become “unreasonable, irresponsible, emotional, erratic and unreliable.”

Worst of all, a psychotic mob will engage in atrocities that any solitary individual within the group would normally never consider. Yet through it all, those affected remain unaware of their condition and cannot recognize the error in their ways.

What Causes Mass Psychosis?

To understand how an entire society can be driven to madness, you must first understand what drives any given individual to insanity. Barring drug or alcohol abuse, or a brain injury, psychosis is typically triggered by psychogenic factors, i.e., influences that originate in the mind.

One of the most common psychogenic factors that can trigger psychosis is a flood of negative emotions such as fear or anxiety that drives the person into a state of panic. When in a panic, the natural inclination is to seek relief. A psychologically resilient individual may adapt by facing their fear and ultimately defeating it.

Another coping mechanism is a psychotic break. As explained in the video, a psychotic break is not the descent into chaos, but rather a reordering of one’s experiential world in a way that blends fact and fiction, reality and illusions, in such a way that a sense of control is restored and panic ends. The psychogenic steps that lead to madness can be summarized as follows:

1. Phase of panic — Here, the individual begins to perceive the world around him or her in a different way and is frightened on account of it. There’s a perceived threat, whether it be real, fabricated or imagined. Confusion grows as they can’t find a way to rationally explain the strange occurrences taking place around them.
2. Phase of psychotic insight — Here, the individual manages to explain his abnormal experience of the world by inventing an illogical but magical way of seeing reality. The term “insight” is used, because the magical thinking allows the individual to escape from the panic and find meaning again. However, the insight is psychotic, because it’s based on delusions.

Just as a psychologically weak and vulnerable individual can be driven to madness, so can large groups of weak and vulnerable people descend into madness and magical thinking.

Totalitarianism Is a Society Built on Delusions

In the 20th century, we’ve seen a rise in totalitarianism, defined by professor and religious studies scholar Arthur Versluis as:

“The modern phenomenn of total centralized state power coupled with the obliteration of individual human rights: In the totalized state, there are those in power and there are the objectified masses, the victims.”

In a totalitarian society, there are two classes: the rulers and the ruled, and both groups undergo a pathological transformation. Rulers are raised to a god-like status where they can do no wrong — a view that easily leads to corruption and unethical behavior — while the ruled are transformed into dependent subjects, which leads to psychological regression.

Joost Meerloo, author of “Rape of the Mind,” compares the reactions of citizens living in totalitarian states to that of schizophrenics. Both rulers and the ruled are ill. Both live in a delusional fog, as the entire society and its rules are sustained by delusional thinking.

As noted in the video, only deluded people regress to a child-like state of total submissiveness, and only a deluded ruling class will believe they possess the knowledge and wisdom to control society in a top-down manner. And, only a deluded person will believe that a power-hungry elite ruling a mentally regressed society will result in anything but mass suffering and financial ruin.

The mass psychosis that is totalitarianism begins within the ruling class, as the individuals within this class are easily enamored with delusions that augment their power. And no delusion is greater than the delusion that they can, and should — indeed are destined to — control and dominate all others.

Whether the totalitarian mindset takes the form of communism, fascism or technocracy, a ruling elite that has succumbed to their own delusions of grandeur then sets about to indoctrinate the masses into their own twisted worldview. All that’s needed to accomplish that reorganization of society is the manipulation of collective feelings.

Killing of the Mind

Menticide is a term that means “killing of the mind,” and it’s an ancient way of controlling the masses by systematically killing the human spirit and free thought. It’s a system through which the ruling elite imprints their own delusional worldview onto society.

A society is primed for menticide by the intentional sowing of fear. A particularly effective way to induce fear and panic that results in psychosis is the unleashing of waves of terror, and it doesn’t matter if the “terror” in question is real or fictitious. The waves of terror technique can be graphed out as an escalating wave pattern where each round of fear is followed by a round of calm.

After a short period of calm, the threat level is elevated again, with each round of fearmongering being more intense than the one before. Propaganda — fake and misleading news — are used to break down the minds of the masses, and over time, it becomes easier and easier to control everyone as confusion and anxiety give way to the magical thinking and psychotic insight presented as solutions through the media.

Contradictory reports, nonsensical recommendations and blatant lies are deployed intentionally, as it heightens confusion. The more confused a population is, the greater the state of anxiety, which reduces society’s ability to cope with the crisis. As the ability to cope withers, the greater the chances a mass psychosis will develop.

As noted in the video, “Confusion heightens the susceptibility of a descent into the delusions of totalitarianism.” Or, as Meerloo noted in his book:

“Logic can be met with logic, while illogic cannot. It confuses those who think straight. The big lie and monotonously repeated nonsense have more of an emotional appeal … than logic and reason. While the people are still searching for a reasonable counterargument to the first lie, the totalitarians can assault them with another.”

The Rise of Technocracy

What sets modern-day totalitarianism apart from previous totalitarian states is technology. The means to incite fear and manipulate people’s thinking has never been more efficient or effective. TV, internet, smartphones and social media are all sources of information these days, and it’s easier than ever to control the flow of that information.

Algorithms automatically filter out the voices of reason and rational thinking, supplanting them with fear narratives instead. Modern technologies also have addictive qualities, so many voluntarily expose themselves to the brainwashing. Commenting on man’s reliance on technology, Meerloo notes:

“No rest, no meditation, no reflection, no conversation. The senses are continually overloaded with stimuli. Man doesn’t learn to question his world anymore. The screen offers him answers already made.”

Isolation — A Mass Psychosis-Inducing Tool

Aside from the onslaught of fearmongering and false propaganda, the ultimate tool to induce psychosis is isolation. When you are deprived of regular social interactions and discussions, you become more susceptible to delusions for a number of reasons:

Once a society is firmly in the grip of mass psychosis, totalitarians are free to take the last, decisive step: They can offer a way out; a return to order. The price is your freedom. You must cede control of all aspects of your life to the rulers, because unless they are granted total control, they won’t be able to create the order everyone craves.

This order, however, is a pathological one, devoid of all humanity. It eliminates the spontaneity that brings joy and creativity to one’s life by demanding strict conformity and blind obedience.

And despite the promise of safety, a totalitarian society is inherently fearful. It was built on fear, and is maintained by it too. So, giving up your freedom for safety and a sense of order will only lead to more of the same fear and anxiety that allowed the totalitarians to gain control in the first place.

How Can Mass Psychosis Be Reversed?

Can totalitarianism be prevented? And can the effects of mass psychosis be reversed? Yes, but just as the menticidal approach is multipronged, so must the solution be. To help return sanity to an insane world, first you need to center yourself and live in such a way as to provide inspiration for others to follow. As noted by Jung:

“It is not for nothing that our age cries out for the redeemer personality, for the one who can emancipate himself from the grip of the collective psychosis and save at least his own soul, who lights a beacon of hope for others, proclaiming that here is at least one man who has succeeded in extricating himself from the fatal identity with the group psyche.”

Next, you need to share and spread the truth — the counternarrative to the propaganda — as far and wide as possible. Because truth is always more potent than lies, the success of propaganda relies on the censoring of truth. Another tactic is to use humor and ridicule to delegitimize the ruling elite.

A strategy proposed by Vaclav Havel, a political dissident who became the president of Czechoslovakia, is called “parallel structures.” A parallel structure is any kind of business, organization, technology, movement or creative pursuit that fits within a totalitarian society while being morally outside of it.

Once enough parallel structures are created, a parallel culture is born that functions as a sanctuary of sanity within the totalitarian world. Havel explains this strategy in his book, “The Power of the Powerless.”

Last but not least, to prevent the descent into totalitarian madness, sane and rational action must be taken by as many people as possible. The totalitarian elite do not sit around twiddling their thumbs, hoping and wishing to increase their power and control. No. They are actively taking steps to augment their position. To defend against them, the would-be-ruled must be just as active and resolute in their counter-push toward freedom.

All of this can be extremely challenging as people around you succumb to collective psychosis. But as Thomas Paine once said:

“Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered, yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph.”

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Body+Soul meets the cast of ladies gracing our screens for The Bachelor 2021.

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Neurobiologists have uncovered the long-sought-after mechanisms behind the maintenance and decline of key synapses implicated in brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The researchers identified the main components driving amyloid beta-associated synapse degeneration, which is found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. The findings suggest an alternative approach to addressing neurodegenerative disorders: protect synapses by directly blocking the toxic actions of amyloid beta.

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Researchers have developed a new strategy that could offer much more precise control of prosthetic limbs. After inserting small magnetic beads into muscle tissue, they can accurately measure the length of a muscle as it contracts, and this measurement can be relayed to a robotic prosthesis within milliseconds.

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Eating a hot dog could cost you 36 minutes of healthy life, while choosing to eat a serving of nuts instead could help you gain 26 minutes of extra healthy life, according to a new study.

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Mathematical research is aiding in the analysis of fMRI data. fMRI is the preeminent class of signals collected from the brain in vivo and is irreplaceable in the study of brain dysfunction in many medical fields, including psychiatry, neurology and pediatrics.

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A team of scientists has discovered chemical systems that self-assemble into molecular capsules which are highly toxic towards human cancer cells of a range of different tumor types, and which have demonstrated unprecedented cancer selectivity in the laboratory that in some cases are many thousands of times more toxic to the cancer cells compared to healthy, normal cells.

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A previously healthy infant who suffered aborted sudden cardiac death was found to have a de novo genetic mutation in the SOS1 gene. Such mutations are typical of Noonan syndrome and suggests the syndrome may be a cause of unrecognized sudden death in infancy.

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Researchers describe a simple model that captures the key mechanics of hand-washing, estimating the time scales on which particles, like viruses and bacteria, were removed. Particles are trapped on the rough surfaces of the hand in potential wells, as though they are at the bottom of a valley and the energy from the water flow must be high enough to get them up and out of the valley.

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A major crisis that accompanied the rise of the pandemic was lack of availability of the nasopharyngeal swab -- necessary for testing for COVID-19, which in turn, was necessary to get a grip on the pandemic. An account of how one group addressed that crisis is published this week Journal of Clinical Microbiology, a journal of the American Society for Microbiology.

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Wearable health technologies are vastly popular with people wanting to improve their physical and mental health. Everything from exercise, sleep patterns, calories consumed and heart rhythms can be tracked by a wearable device. But timely and accurate data is also especially valuable for doctors treating patients with complicated health conditions using virtual care.

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Video images capture for the first time in live animals the inexorable spread of the COVID-19 virus, tracking the infection as it moved from the noses of mice to the lungs and other organs over the course of six days, in a new study.

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Differences in impulsivity between individuals are linked to both experience and gene expression, according to a study on the ancestor of domestic chickens, the red junglefowl.

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An experimental study has revealed that the Alzheimer's protein amyloid-beta accumulates inside nerve cells, and that the misfolded protein may then spread from cell to cell via nerve fibers. This happens at an earlier stage than the formation of amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, something that is associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

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Researchers began publishing annual reports and bi-annual updates examining the health and safety policies for secondary schools for each individual state and Washington, D.C. The evaluations are based on safety measures states can implement, including emergency action plans, having automatic external defibrillators on site, training coaches to look for signs of concussion, treatment of exertional heat stroke and others.

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Combining a histone deacetylase inhibitor drug with immunotherapy agents has been deemed safe, and may benefit some patients with advanced cancers that have not responded to traditional therapy, according to results of a phase 1 clinical trial.

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Inside cells, organelles called mitochondria carry out a medley of vital tasks. These structures generate energy and help to keep the cells' interior environment in a state of healthy equilibrium, among other functions. Now, scientists show in detail how alpha-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease, can damage these cellular powerhouses.

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After years of research, neuroscientists have discovered a new pathway in the human brain that processes the sounds of language. The findings suggest that auditory and speech processing occur in parallel, contradicting a long-held theory that the brain processed acoustic information then transformed it into linguistic information.

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Single fruit flies quarantined in test tubes sleep too little and eat too much after only about one week of social isolation, according to a new study.

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Skeletal muscles in mice appear to 'remember' prior training, aiding muscle growth and adaptability when retrained through exercise.

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The field of Archaeogenetics has substantially contributed to a better understanding of how the movement and admixture of people across Europe during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages shaped genetic ancestries. However, not all regions are equally well represented in the archaeogenetic record. To fill this gap, researchers have now sequenced whole genomes of 28 individuals from two sites in present-day eastern Croatia and gained new insights into this region's genetic history and social structures.

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Children and adolescents can experience sleep-disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea, like adults. An estimated 1-6% of all children and adolescents have obstructive sleep apnea. The sleep disruptions and pauses in breathing from sleep apnea may be linked to obesity, lipid disorders, elevated blood pressure and changes in heart structure in kids.

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Scientists have shown that fetal membranes are able to heal after injury.

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