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July 2023

Results of a long-term, federally funded study of cognitively healthy adults -- most with a family history of Alzheimer's disease -- have added to evidence that low spinal fluid levels of a protein linked to learning and memory in mice may serve as an early predictor of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) years before symptoms appear.

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Scientists appear to have discovered a way to produce a true structure of the rare but naturally-occurring anti-HIV compound Lancilactone C from start to finish. The domino-like reaction enables the total synthesis of lancilactones and related compounds. Its non-cytotoxicity in mammals could potentially make this triterpenoid an ideal candidate for treating AIDS.

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Researchers investigating brain activity in older people say the coordination between neuronal activity and the brain's oxygenation is altered. Non-invasive recording of the function of these neurovascular units in living humans has never been done before, but has now been achieved by using several measurement techniques coupled with novel analysis methods. The results promise a relatively simple and non-invasive method for assessing the state of the brain in healthy aging, and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

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Common beans are important food sources with high nutritional content. Bean seeds also contain phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that promote health. A study explored the composition of seed coat extracts from black and pinto bean varieties unique to the Chiapas region of Southern Mexico.

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Research found that direct injection of neonatal mesenchymal stem cells, derived from heart tissue discarded during surgery, reduces intestinal inflammation and promotes wound healing in a mouse model of Crohn's disease-like ileitis, an illness marked by chronic intestinal inflammation and progressive tissue damage. The study offers a promising new and alternative treatment approach that avoids the pitfalls of current Crohn's disease medications, including diminishing effectiveness, severe side effects and increased risk of gastrointestinal dysfunction.

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Although rare, mucosal melanoma in humans has a low survival rate. It has been difficult to investigate due to a lack of similar cancers in animals for study. Researchers explored a protein common to human and canine mucosal melanoma. The protein seems to be what makes this cancer so problematic, as it mobilizes the cancer cells, allowing them to spread. Researchers hope that eliminating this protein could lead to a potential treatment.

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Researchers have found that bone repair can be improved in mice with large bone lesions by injecting a combination of RNA encoding two different proteins. Their technique is a promising candidate for clinical use. This study provides new hope for patients with large bone lesions as a result of injury or surgery, in whom bone repair is often difficult to achieve.

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The design and quality of neighborhoods can greatly influence the health of its residents. In a new study, researchers examined the relationship between the built environment of neighborhoods and metabolic syndrome. They found that neighborhoods with more active living options and higher population density were associated with fewer risk factors for metabolic syndrome, highlighting the importance of redesigning neighborhoods to prevent and potentially manage metabolic syndrome and improve population health.

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Dozens of viruses -- at least -- can eavesdrop on host information. Not only did they demonstrate the strategy's abundance, but they also discovered tools that control it and send signals that tell bacteriophage viruses to flip from chill (lysogeny) into kill (lysis) mode. They showed that in polylysogeny, phages can coexist, their viral DNA or RNA hidden tucked inside the bacterium's own, replicating right along with the cells. But the infiltrating phages aren't exactly peaceful; it's more like mutually assured destruction. And the tenuous detente lasts only until something triggers one or more of the phages to switch into kill mode.

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Shifting from a high-pressure mindset to a curious one improves people's memory, finds new research. Study participants pre-meditating a robbery in a virtual art museum remembered more paintings than those executing the heist in-the-moment. The new findings may help address many real-world problems such as promoting vaccine uptake and climate change action, as well as inspiring new treatments for psychiatric disorders.

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Transitions from surfaces, such as moving from gravel or dirt to grass, proved to be the riskiest. Those riders were almost 60 times more likely to have a crash or near-crash experience. This was supported by data showing that riding off a designated path, or off-road, made users nearly 25 times more likely to experience such issues compared to those who rode on a shared-use path.

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Among nearly 10 million US infants born between 2016 and 2018, breastfed babies were 33% less likely to die during the post-perinatal period (day 7-364) than infants who were not breastfed, reports a new study. The findings build on previous US research with smaller datasets, which documented the association between the initiation of breastfeeding and the reduction of post-perinatal infant mortality by a range of 19% to 26%.

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More than 1.4 million times a year, people with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia end up in emergency care, a new study shows, accounting for nearly 7% of all emergency visits for any reason by people over age 65. Compared with their peers who don't have dementia, these patients have twice the rate of seeking emergency care after an accident or a behavioral or mental health crisis.

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Errors in installation of child car seats are common, even with seats that have a five-star rating for ease of use, according to a new study. The study found that although the rating system was a suitable indicator of ease of use, with fewer errors detected when parents installed seats that had higher ratings, more efforts are needed to ensure optimal safety for young passengers.

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Higher levels of vitamin B-related amino acids may be linked to the risk of dementia associated with a certain type of air pollutants called particulate matter, according to a study published in the July 19, 2023, online issue of Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. The study does not prove that pollution or amino acids cause dementia, but it suggests a possible link among them.

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The brain registers what we see even if we are not consciously aware of it. We even react emotionally to the content. How is this possible? A new experiment reveals that, while various regions of the brain register brief activity when a new image is viewed, the visual cortex retains that pattern of activity -- at a reduced level -- throughout the time the image is viewed. Is conscious awareness when the prefrontal cortex accesses the sustained activity in the visual cortex?

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Women diagnosed and treated for breast cancer have increased biological aging compared to women who remain free of breast cancer, according to a new study. Among women diagnosed with breast cancer, the association with faster biological aging was most pronounced for those who received radiation therapy, while surgery showed no association with biological aging. This finding suggests that developing cancer is not what increases the aging effect.

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The same message can be interpreted differently by different individuals -- also among cells. This is shown in a study by researchers who studied cell communication through Wnt signalling, which plays a decisive role in embryo development and cancer. Their findings are surprising in light of the prevailing conception of how Wnt signalling works.

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Gastrulation, the process where an embryo reorganizes itself from a hollow sphere into a multilayered structure, is considered a 'black box' of human development. This is because human embryos are typically not cultured for longer than 14 days because of bioethical concerns, and gastrulation occurs between 17- and 21-days post-fertilization. In addition, current stem cell models that mimic gastrulation have not been able to include the necessary extraembryonic tissues that give rise to the yolk sac and the placenta. Researchers now report a new method to develop 'peri-gastruloids,' an embryo-like structure that includes one of the supporting tissues, the yolk sac, missing from previous models.

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Eating breakfast after 9 a.m. increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 59% compared to people who eat breakfast before 8 a.m. This is the main conclusion of a study which followed more than 100,000 participants in a French cohort. The results show that we can reduce the risk of diabetes not only by changing what we eat, but also when we eat it.

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Data scientists have created an artificial intelligence model that may more accurately predict which existing medicines, not currently classified as harmful, may in fact lead to congenital disabilities. The model, or 'knowledge graph,' also has the potential to predict the involvement of pre-clinical compounds that may harm the developing fetus. The study is the first known of its kind to use knowledge graphs to integrate various data types to investigate the causes of congenital disabilities.

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Many low-risk patients with a penicillin allergy were able to have their penicillin allergy label removed through a simple procedure known as 'direct oral challenge' as part of a world-first multicenter randomized control trial known as the Penicillin Allergy Clinical Decision Rule (PALACE) study.

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Researchers are using DNA 'origami' templates to control the way viruses are assembled. The global team behind the research developed a way to direct the assembly of virus capsids -- the protein shell of viruses -- at physiological conditions in a precise and programmable manner. Precise control over the size and shape of virus proteins would have advantages in the development of new vaccines and delivery systems.

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A recent study centers around the idea that various anti-inflammatory drugs could be effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease. This study focused on a protein known as p38. Many labs have been working with this protein as a potential target for drug development to treat Alzheimer's disease and other conditions with neuroinflammatory dysfunction.

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Pharmaceutical scientists and biologists are teaming up to make the next generation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for drug delivery. Combining structural biology with cutting edge pharmaceutical science, the team is designing LNPs that can precisely deliver vaccines and therapeutics to target tissues while improving the product's shelf life and duration of action.

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ChatGPT's responses to people's healthcare-related queries are nearly indistinguishable from those provided by humans, a new study reveals, suggesting the potential for chatbots to be effective allies to healthcare providers' communications with patients.

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Giving patients with operable pancreatic cancers a three-pronged combination immunotherapy treatment consisting of the pancreatic cancer vaccine GVAX, the immune checkpoint therapy nivolumab and urelemab, an anti-CD137 agonist antibody treatment, is safe, it increases the amount of cancer-killing immune system T cells in the tumors and it appears effective when given two weeks prior to cancer-removal surgery, according to new research.

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Researchers have uncovered the role the thymus gland plays in creating and 'training' specialised anti-cancer white blood cells -- known as gamma delta T cells. This unsung organ produces these amazing cells after we are born -- so they can enter the body and start fighting off disease and infection.

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The percentage of infants from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) experiencing hypothermia upon operating room (OR) arrival and at any point during the operation decreased from 48.7% to 6.4% and 67.5% to 37.4%, respectively, after implementation of a multidisciplinary quality improvement project.

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Recently, a team of researchers conducted an ambitious study of AI applications on the education front, examining how AI could enhance grading while observing human participants' behavior in the presence of a computerized companion. They found that teachers were generally receptive to AI's input -- until both sides came to an argument on who should reign supreme. This very much resembles how human beings interact with one another when a new member forays into existing territory.

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Being smart pays off, as it allows for more balanced decision-making. However, the origins of these abilities during evolution remain largely unexplored. Only if smarter individuals enjoy better survival and have higher reproductive rates than their conspecifics, improved cognitive abilities can evolve. Researchers from the German Primate Center (DPZ) -- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research have recently examined the link between cognitive abilities and survival in gray mouse lemurs. The study involved capturing the animals, subjecting them to various cognition and personality tests, measuring their weight, and subsequently releasing them. The findings revealed that the animals that performed best in the cognition tests lived for longer. Additionally, those that were heavier and displayed more exploratory behavior also experienced an increased lifespan.

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A new talking therapy for depression has shown encouraging early signs of being more effective and cheaper to deliver than the current best practice of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). A pilot trial has found Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT) could be a significant advance in depression care.

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The function of mast cells, which are part of the immune system, is still a mystery. Scientists have now shown in mice: mast cells function as a sensor that signals the animals to avoid antigens, including harmful allergens, and thereby protect themselves from health-threatening inflammatory reactions.

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Companion robots enhanced with artificial intelligence may one day help alleviate the loneliness epidemic. A new report maps some of the ethical considerations, and urges stakeholders to come together to rapidly develop guidelines for trust, agency, engagement, and real-world efficacy. The authors also propose a new measure for whether a companion robot is helping someone.

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Simply the smell of seafood can make those with an allergy to it violently ill -- and therefore more likely to avoid it. The same avoidance behavior is exhibited by people who develop food poisoning after eating a certain meal. Scientists have long known that the immune system played a key role in our reactions to allergens and pathogens in the environment, but it was unclear whether it played any role in prompting these types of behaviors towards allergic triggers.

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Although most people don't associate oral disease with serious health problems, increasing evidence shows that oral bacteria play a significant role in systemic diseases like colon cancer and heart disease. Now, new research shows a link between periodontal (gum) disease and the formation of amyloid plaque, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.

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In Physics of Fluids, Vega et al. researched human tears at the micron level to reveal new ways of customizing artificial tears to address individual symptoms of dry eye disease. The detailed insights they gained about the composition and behavior of tears could also apply to the study of ocular pathogens as well as other biological fluids. The authors collected healthy human tears and tested 10 different formulations of artificial tears and applied microrheology methods using dynamic light scattering.

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Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are expected to play a key role in nursing practice in the future. In this regard, researchers from Japan ask whether intelligent machines can replace humans as nurses. They investigate the potential of current advancements in robotics and AI to replicate the ethical concepts attributed to nurses, including advocacy, accountability, cooperation, and caring. While these technologies hold promise in enhancing healthcare practices, their integration into nursing requires careful consideration.

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'Metarecognition' is the ability to objectively monitor, control, and improve one's learning ability. Researchers demonstrated that the human brain exhibits metacognitive abilities that regulate implicit motor learning to maximize monetary rewards. Unlike artificial intelligence, which is perpetually optimal, human metacognition exhibits an asymmetric bias in managing rewards (monetary gain) and punishments (monetary loss).

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Previous and similar research has focused on Western countries and diets that combined harmful, ultra-processed foods with nutrient-dense foods. This research was global in scope and focused on foods commonly considered to be healthy. Researchers derived a diet score from PHRI's ongoing, large-scale global Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study, then replicated that in five independent studies to measure health outcomes in different world regions and in people with and without prior CVD.

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A novel molecular pathway to explain how a mutation in the gene ACTA2 can cause individuals in their 30s -- with normal cholesterol levels and no other risk factors -- to develop coronary artery disease has now been identified,.

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As a psychiatric disorder with onset in adulthood, schizophrenia is thought to be triggered by some combination of environmental factors and genetics, although the exact cause is still not fully understood. Researchers have now found a correlation between schizophrenia and somatic copy-number variants, a type of mutation that occurs early in development but after genetic material is inherited. This study is one of the first to rigorously describe the relationship between somatic -- not inherited -- genetic mutations and schizophrenia risk.

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Osteoarthritis is the most common degenerative joint disease, affecting 22% of adults over 40 globally. Although the condition has been extensively studied through a medical perspective, the molecular changes associated with osteoarthritis remain unclear. In a new study, researchers have used a combination of techniques to track the progression of the disease and the changes associated with it.

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Kenyan patients who spend more than three days in the nation's hospitals are more likely to harbor a form of bacteria resistant to one of the most widely used antibiotic classes, according to a recent study. The research team found that 66% of hospitalized patients were colonized with bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, compared to 49% among community residents. Third-generation cephalosporins are typically used for serious infections, and resistance to these antibiotics leaves limited options for treating patients with some bacterial infections. The study was part of a pair of projects in Kenya and a third in Guatemala to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The research also aimed to identify risk factors for colonization with bacteria resistant to important and frequently used classes of antibiotics, including third-generation cephalosporins.

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A group led by researchers at Nagoya University in Japan used nanowires to develop a technology for capturing cell-free DNA from cancer cells in urine samples. Using their technique, they captured this DNA and successfully detected the IDH1 mutation, a characteristic genetic mutation of brain tumors. Their findings show a safe, effective, and non-invasive way of diagnosing brain tumors.

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Fish consumption has long been associated with numerous health benefits. However, it is also the main dietary source of toxic mercury in humans. A year-round study from a boreal lake shows that mercury concentration in some fishes is significantly higher in winter and near spring spawning and lowest in autumn.

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A new study shows the sugar sialic acid, which makes up part of the protective intestinal mucus layer, fuels disease-causing bacteria in the gut. The findings suggest a potential treatment target for intestinal bacterial infections and a range of chronic diseases linked to gut bacteria, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome and short bowel syndrome.

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A cochlear signal, the exact role of which has been unclear since its discovery around 70 years ago, probably gives the brain information on whether the ear is functioning normally or not. These new findings are an important piece of the puzzle in explaining what happens in the ear in hearing impairment caused by harmful noise, and may in the long run contribute to diagnosing noise-induced hearing injury.

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Taste receptors for bitter substances are not only found on the tongue but also on cells outside the oral cavity. As a new study now shows, extraoral bitter taste receptors could also serve as endogenous sensors for bile acids. This discovery suggests that, in addition to food components, endogenous substances may have influenced the evolution of bitter taste receptors. Furthermore, the study provides new approaches to explore the health effects of food constituents in which extraoral bitter taste receptors are involved.

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The study combines a deep learning model with CRISPR screens to control the expression of human genes in different ways -- such as flicking a light switch to shut them off completely or by using a dimmer knob to partially turn down their activity. These precise gene controls could be used to develop new CRISPR-based therapies.

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A team of scientists from around the globe has gained high-res structural insights into a key bacterial enzyme, which may help chemists design new drugs to inhibit it and thus suppress disease-causing bacteria. Their work is important as fears continue to grow around rising rates of antibiotic resistance.

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A research team has designed a new microneedle patch to offer a highly-effective non-antibiotic approach for the treatment of skin infection. In brief, the design engineered with ultrasound-responsive zinc-based metal-organic framework (MOF) antibacterial nanoparticles promises pain-free delivery to treat bacterial infection on skin tissue and facilitate skin repair at the same time. The novel microneedle is around 50 microns in diameter, similar to a typical hair.

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Scientists say they have developed a nanoparticle -- an extremely tiny biodegradable container -- that has the potential to improve the delivery of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based vaccines for infectious diseases such as COVID-19, and vaccines for treating non-infectious diseases including cancer.

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In an exciting new study adding to the global pool of knowledge about the roots of human cancers, researchers are establishing a clear link between different types of cancers and their embryonic origins. They also identify new concepts that can be considered in future drug discovery projects and used in standard chemotherapeutics in the clinic.

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