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October 2022

Using immunofluorescence and live-cell imaging, researchers were recently able to determine the mechanism underlying the repairing mechanism of the nuclear envelope, which play a key role in various physiologically relevant processes. The accidental rupture of the structure poses a hazard to the integrity of the mammalian nucleus. The study found that lamin C and related factors synergistically facilitate the repair process in mammalian cells.

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We’ve been told time and time again that checking our phones in the morning isn’t conducive to a happy, healthy existence, but for people with fast-paced lives and demanding jobs, this caveat often elicits an eye roll. Body+Soul asks the experts if this morning habit really is that harmful – and if it’s possible to use your phone without letting it use you.

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Immunotherapy, a biotherapy that boosts the ability of the immune system to recognize and attack mutant tumor cells, has transformed the treatment landscape for patients battling cancer. However, many patients do not respond to immunotherapy. A new study has identified a possible explanation for why this happens.

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Using a new stem-cell based model made from skin cells, scientists found the first direct evidence that Stargardt-related ABCA4 gene mutations affect a layer of cells in the eye called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The discovery points to a new understanding of Stargardt disease progression and suggests a therapeutic strategy for the disease, which currently lacks treatment.

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A recent imaging study has identified early risk factors that could foretell whether an individual might develop depression in adolescence and early adulthood, finding that people who are more inhibited in early childhood and who also don't respond typically to potential rewards as adolescents are more vulnerable to developing depression later in life than they are to anxiety.

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Researchers have succeeded in identifying a new approach for the therapy of colorectal cancer. In preclinical models and studies on human immune cells, they found that urolithin A, a metabolite product from pomegranate, sustainably improves the function of immune cells in their fight against cancer. After treatment with urolithin A, tumour-fighting immune cells become T memory stem cells which, due to their ability to divide, constantly supply the immune system with rejuvenated, non-exhausted T cells.

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Functional seizures not caused by epilepsy are associated with structural changes in the brain that can be seen using MRI, a new study shows. Scientist have long understood the nonepileptic seizures as the body's response to mental stressors, such as anxiety and PTSD. Researchers say the findings bring potential for earlier diagnosis of functional seizures, which are often misdiagnosed as epilepsy.

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A new study played song and movie clips both recent and from their adolescence for subjects and asked if they had memories associated with them. Results showed people had more memories associated with older material and also appreciated media that had associated memories more. A look at the psychological processes associated with 'media-induced reminiscence' can tell us more about why people enjoy lighthearted entertainment like pop music or superhero movies, the authors argue.

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A new study has found that exposure to e-cigarette aerosols can cause heart arrhythmias in animal models -- both in the form of premature and skipped heart beats. The study findings suggest exposure to specific chemicals within e-cigarette liquids (e-liquids) promote arrhythmias and cardiac electrical dysfunction.

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A new approach to cancer immunotherapy that uses one type of immune cell to kill another -- rather than directly attacking the cancer -- provokes a robust anti-tumor immune response that shrinks ovarian, lung, and pancreatic tumors in preclinical disease models, according to researchers. The study involved a twist on a type of therapy that uses immune cells known as CAR T cells.

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An intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 could quickly get to the respiratory tract, where the virus most commonly causes symptoms. And a spray or droplets could be a more palatable option for people who fear needles. But so far, only a few countries have approved COVID nasal vaccines. Now researchers report that they've developed one that can fight off the original virus and two variants in hamsters.

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Membrane proteins are key targets for many drugs. They are located between the outside and inside of our cells. Some of them, called 'transporters', move certain substances in and out of the cellular environment. Yet, extracting and storing them for observation is particularly complex. A team has now developed an innovative method to study their structure in their native environment: the cell. The technique is based on electron spin resonance spectroscopy. These results may facilitate future development of new drugs.

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A new study identifies common and rare gene mutations that impact radiation resistance and sensitivity, an important step toward providing more individualized and effective radiotherapy for patients with cancer. The discovery ultimately could allow radiation dosage to be calibrated based on genetic mutations. Radiotherapy continues to be delivered using generic schedules and doses, unlike newer targeted drug therapy that are guided by the genomics of an individual's cancer.

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Researchers have shown that pain experienced by patients during medical treatments can be considerably alleviated by holding and experiencing the motions of a soft furry robot. Based on measures of pain, fear, and biomarker collection, the researchers believe that the robot can improve patient experience.

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An international team of scientists who analyzed centuries-old DNA from victims and survivors of the Black Death pandemic has identified key genetic differences that determined who lived and who died, and how those aspects of our immune systems have continued to evolve since that time.

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A research team has developed a skin-attachable auditory sensor, which recognizes human voices in noisy environments and when users wear facemasks. The new sensor will be useful in microphones that facilitate communication in disaster situations and for healthcare devices that diagnose respiratory diseases.

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Women who used chemical hair straightening products were at higher risk for uterine cancer compared to women who did not report using these products, according to a new study. The researchers found no associations with uterine cancer for other hair products that the women reported using, including hair dyes, bleach, highlights, or perms.

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If a therapy for chronic back pain is tailored specifically to a patient's individual requirements, the chances of success are far greater than with standard forms of treatment. Accompanied by a psychotherapeutic procedure in the shape of cognitive behavioral therapy, the pain can be alleviated even more effectively.

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Researchers have demonstrated a promising new approach to delivering immunotherapy agents to fight cancer. The approach involves tethering an immunotherapy agent called a STING agonist to an acid-seeking molecule called pHLIP® (pH-low insertion peptide). The pHLIP molecules target the high acidity of cancerous tumors, delivering their immunotherapy cargo directly to cells in the tumor microenvironment. Once delivered, the STING agonists engage the body's innate immune response to fight the tumor.

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Researchers have developed a new, machine learning-based technique to accurately classify the state of macrophages, which are key immune cells. Classifying macrophages is important because they can modify their behavior and act as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents in the immune response. As a result, the work has a suite of implications for research and has the potential to one day make major societal impact. For example, this new approach could be of use to drug designers looking to create therapies targeting diseases and auto-immune conditions such as diabetes, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis -- all of which are impacted by cellular metabolism and macrophage function.

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People with a disease characterized by lung scarring that has no obvious cause are more likely to die if they live in areas with higher levels of air pollution composed of chemicals associated with industrial sources and vehicular traffic, according to new research.

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Too much screen time can slow children's recovery from concussions, but new research suggests that banning screen time is not the answer. The researchers looked for links between the self-reported screen time of more than 700 children aged 8-16 in the first 7-10 days following an injury, and symptoms reported by them and their caregivers over the following six months. The children whose concussion symptoms cleared up the fastest had engaged in a moderate amount of screen time.

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In an analysis of the metabolic profiles of healthy American babies, researchers found surprising differences among ethnic groups which may help make screening for inherited metabolic disorders, cystic fibrosis, or hypothyroidism much more accurate than traditional genetic disease screens.

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Researchers have discovered a molecule in the brain responsible for orchestrating the immune system's responses to Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis (MS), potentially allowing doctors to supercharge the body's ability to fight those and other devastating neurological diseases.

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In a new study, PNNL researchers find that the U.S. Atlantic Coast is becoming a breeding ground for rapidly intensifying hurricanes. Fueled by environmental conditions that beget increasingly severe storms--with climate change as a root contributor--the new research finds that hurricanes are growing wetter and strengthening faster near the already hurricane-battered coastline.

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A study has determined the role that fibroblasts, the cells that contribute to tissue formation, play in a tumor's ability to generate resistance to the most common biological treatment for HER2. The paper demonstrates the ability of a new therapy, currently undergoing clinical trials, to promote a potent immune response by binding to the fibroblasts, enabling it to overcome resistance to anti-HER2 therapy in tumors with this cancer cell protection mechanism.

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A new study compares the effectiveness of two antisepsis aqueous solutions in reducing the risk of infection in patients requiring surgery for open fractures. The research team found that contrary to current international recommendations, chlorhexidine gluconate was not superior to povidone-iodine in an alcohol or aqueous solution in preventing surgical site infection. The results suggest health care practitioners can select either aqueous-based antisepsis solution when treating open fractures on the basis of solution availability, patient contraindications, or product cost.

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Individuals with Down syndrome have less-frequent viral infections, but when present, these infections lead to more severe disease. New findings show that this is caused by increased expression of an antiviral cytokine type I interferon (IFN-I), which is partially coded for by chromosome 21. Elevated IFN-I levels lead to hyperactivity of the immune response initially, but the body overcorrects for this to reduce inflammation, leading to increased vulnerability later in the viral attack.

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Scientists have created a novel thermoresponsive polymer by adding divalent cations to polymers and water solvents. They also succeeded in controlling thermoresponsive properties by changing the type and mixing ratio of ionic species. This new polymer type is expected to be applied as an analytical reagent for ion-sensing devices and as a material for drug delivery systems.

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Watch any episode of 'CSI,' and a character will use forensic DNA profiling to identify a criminal. A new study suggests that these forensic profiles may indirectly reveal medical information -- perhaps even those of crime victims -- contrary to what the legal field has believed for nearly 30 years. The findings could have ethical and legal implications.

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If Russia's war in Ukraine significantly reduces grain exports, surging prices could worsen food insecurity, with increases up to 4.6% for corn and 7.2% for wheat. That also would have an environmental impact, with carbon emissions rising as additional land is used to grow crops.

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Extended cardiac monitoring in patients and the use of implantable cardiovascular electronic devices can increase detection of atrial fibrillation (AF), but the devices have limitations including short battery life and lack of immediate feedback. Can new smartphone tools that can record an electrocardiogram (ECG) strip and make an automated diagnosis overcome these limitations and facilitate timely diagnosis? A new study finds that the use of these devices is challenging in patients with abnormal ECGs. Better algorithms and machine learning may help these tools provide more accurate diagnoses, investigators say.

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New research in Zambia finds that children infected with HIV are significantly more likely to do worse in neurological assessments despite having well-controlled HIV disease, suggesting that they may struggle with cognitive and mental health issues. However, the research also indicates that early intervention -- in the form of better nutrition and antiretroviral therapies -- may help close the gap.

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Researchers have released a study quantifying cropland phosphorus budgets around the world, which will help in identifying nutrient management gaps in different regions in food production and consumption systems. This new database will help countries and regions to evaluate their performances in addressing phosphorus pollution and scarcity challenges, and guide actions towards a more sustainable future.

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When you're standing in the frozen food aisle, it's nearly impossible to know whether that Salisbury steak has thawed and refrozen -- a process with potentially harmful consequences. So, researchers have now designed a food-grade device from edible materials, including table salt, red cabbage and beeswax, that lets you know. The proof-of-concept sensor provides a color readout when it's warmed above a specific temperature, which is tunable from -58 F to 32 F.

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Researchers have identified a common diabetes medication, metformin, as a possible treatment for atrial fibrillation. They used advanced computation and genetic sequencing to determine that metformin's targets overlap significantly with genes dysregulated in atrial fibrillation.

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Clinical AI tools hold the promise to transform the practice of medicine, but lack of transparency in some tools is an ongoing challenge. One way to demystify black-box AI reasoning is the use of heat maps that 'explain' how an AI tool made a diagnosis based on a specific clinical image. A new study suggests that heat maps underperform human clinicians, are not ready for prime time and should be refined before wider adoption in clinical practice.

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A new advance overcomes present limitations in spatial transcriptomics with a DNA nanotechnology-driven method called 'Light-Seq.' Light-Seq allows researchers to 'geotag' the full repertoire of RNA sequences with unique DNA barcodes exclusive to a few cells of interest. These target cells are selected using light under a microscope via a fast and effective photocrosslinking process, and their RNAs made available to next-generation sequencing with the help of a new DNA nanotechnology-driven technique. This entire process can then be repeated for different cell populations in the same sample.

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New research based on data from 18 countries concludes that adults with better mental health are more likely to report having spent time playing in and around coastal and inland waters, such as rivers and lakes (also known collectively as blue spaces) as children. The finding was replicated in each of the countries studied.

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A new study provides the best evidence to date that scientists overall are most innovative and creative early in their careers. Findings showed that, on one important measure, the impact of biomedical scientists' published work drops by between one-half to two-thirds over the course of their careers.

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Investigators have examined the microbiome of pancreatic tumors and identified particular microorganisms at single cell resolution that are associated with inflammation and with poor survival. According to the researchers, these microorganisms may be new targets for earlier diagnosis or treatment of pancreatic cancer, which is the fourth leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States.

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Targeting a condition suffered by nearly a billion people worldwide, a new study has shown a drug previously used to treat depression can reduce obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. While not yet identifying a cure, the authors say the study opens up further avenues for the development of future drug treatments targeted at the huge number of people unable to tolerate current sleep apnea therapies, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines.

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Our genetics, the environment and our age all play important roles in our health, but which of these is the most important? A new study suggests that in many cases, age plays a more important role than genetics in determining which genes in our bodies are turned on or off, influencing our susceptibility to disease.

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A team of scientists has brought together more than forty existing brain maps in one place. The database, called neuromaps, will help scientists find correlations between patterns across different brain regions, spatial scales, modalities and brain functions. It provides a standardized space to view each map in comparison to each other, and assesses the statistical significance of these comparisons, to help researchers distinguish a meaningful correlation from a random pattern.

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The drug tofacitinib was well tolerated among patients with early scleroderma, primarily affecting the protein interferon both in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Researchers say the drug is safe and can possibly be repurposed for systemic sclerosis treatment.

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The fear of missing out (FoMO) on rewarding and fun experiences is something that most people feel at some point in life. Among college students, the degree to which someone experiences FoMO is associated with their risk of participating in maladaptive behaviors including academic misconduct, drug and alcohol use, and breaking the law, according to a new study.

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In one of the largest single-center COVID-19 cohort studies to date, researchers have identified a key driver of COVID-19 disease severity. The findings suggest that lung damage is linked to the loss of immune cells called macrophages that normally reside in the lung and organize tissue repair, followed by an influx of new macrophages from the blood into the lung that cause inflammation.

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Researchers describe how different types of repetitive DNA elements are controlled by the same silencing mechanism in fruit fly ovaries. Central to their findings is an uncharacterized protein that the researchers named 'Kipferl', which ensures the effective control of jumping genes. The findings suggest that different selfish elements compete for the host genome defense system and that Kipferl might be the first of a series of similarly acting molecules yet to be uncovered.

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Evidence in mice and human brain tissue reveals a mechanism that may explain the sex-based differences in Alzheimer's disease, including why females are more vulnerable. Researchers report that female brains show higher expression of an X-linked enzyme called ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11) compared to males, resulting in greater accumulation of a protein called tau.

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Obesity afflicts approximately 42 percent of the U.S. adult population and contributes to the onset of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and other conditions. While popular healthy diet mantras advise against midnight snacking, few studies have comprehensively investigated the simultaneous effects of late eating on the three main players in body weight regulation and thus obesity risk: regulation of calorie intake, the number of calories you burn, and molecular changes in fat tissue. A new study provides experimental evidence that late eating causes decreased energy expenditure, increased hunger, and changes in fat tissue that combined may increase obesity risk.

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Despite decades of medical advances, children who develop the pediatric eye cancer retinoblastoma often lose their vision or an eye due to a lack of specific, targeted therapies and a poor molecular understanding of the cancer. Now researchers have discovered that a molecule -- estrogen-related receptor gamma, or ESRRG -- becomes hyperactive and promotes tumor cell survival in retinoblastoma. Blocking ESRRG, the team reported, kills retinoblastoma cells.

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Pregnant women with severe preeclampsia who took a daily dose of extended-release nifedipine (an oral, once-daily pill) when labor was induced had better blood pressure control during labor and were less likely to need fast-acting medicine including intravenous medicine to lower very high blood pressure, compared to those who got a placebo. Fast-acting medicines such as intravenous medicines administered during delivery for women with severe preeclampsia may lower blood pressure too quickly and lead to complications for the mother and/or the baby. Researchers also observed trends toward fewer deliveries by Cesarean section (C-section) and less neonatal intensive care needed for the newborns among the women started on nifedipine for high blood pressure during induction of labor.

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As of late September 2022, nearly 78 percent of U.S. adults but only 31 percent of children ages 5 to 11 had completed the primary set of vaccinations against COVID-19, according to health authorities. In a new study, researchers attribute that dramatic discrepancy in part to the acceptance of misinformation about the safety of vaccines in general and the COVID-19 vaccines in particular.

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The late Olivia Newton-John battled breast cancer for three decades. Her recent death not only solidified her legacy as an entertainer, but also as a crusader against this insidious disease. We speak with TV host Sophie Falkiner - who recently discovered a lump on her own breast - about continuing ONJ's awareness drive for self-checking, to mark the start of Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

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The number of Americans with cardiovascular disease who are food insecure -- having limited or uncertain access to adequate food -- has more than doubled over the last 20 years, a national study finds. Adults with cardiovascular disease were more than two times likely to be food insecure than those without the cardiovascular disease.

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